Towards real-time intravascular endoscopic magnetic resonance imaging.

Fast, minimally invasive, high-resolution intravascular imaging is essential for identifying vascular pathological features and for developing novel diagnostic tools and treatments. Intravascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with active internal probes offers high sensitivity to pathological features without ionizing radiation or the limited luminal views of conventional X-rays, but has been unable to provide a high-speed, high-resolution, endoscopic view. Herein, real-time MRI endoscopy is introduced for performing MRI from a viewpoint intrinsically locked to a miniature active, internal transmitter-receiver in a clinical 3.0-T MRI scanner. Real-time MRI endoscopy at up to 2 frames/s depicts vascular wall morphological features, atherosclerosis, and calcification at 80 to 300 μm resolution during probe advancement through diseased human iliac artery specimens and atherosclerotic rabbit aortas in vivo. MRI endoscopy offers the potential for fast, minimally invasive, transluminal, high-resolution imaging of vascular disease on a common clinical platform suitable for evaluating and targeting atherosclerosis in both experimental and clinical settings.