The energetic costs of case construction in the caddisfly Limnephilus rhombicus: direct impacts on larvae and delayed impacts on adults.

Caddisflies, whose aquatic larvae build a portable case with silk, are a suitable model organism to test the impacts of resource allocation trade-off during development and examine the evolution of life-history strategies. In the caddisfly Limnephilus rhombicus, adult feeding is minimal. Therefore, the whole resources are acquired during the larval phase and must be allocated to case construction, growth and reproduction. In this study, the larval energetic reserves of L. rhombicus were manipulated by forcing larvae to rebuild their cases in the final larval stage. This allowed us to measure the physiological cost of construction. First, we recorded oxygen consumption during case reconstruction. Second, we measured the sugar, protein and lipid contents of larvae forced to rebuild their case and of larvae required only to re-enter on their case. Larvae had their sugar, protein and lipid content measured after the rebuilding event and 72 h later. The same analyses were carried out with adults immediately after emergence. We found that larvae forced to rebuild a case consumed 1.5 times more oxygen than control larvae. This energy expenditure generated a cost that was estimated to be a loss of larval protein of approximately 35%. Insects were unable to compensate for this loss of proteins during the end of the larval stage, and their metamorphosis to adults was also impacted. Therefore, we suggest that loss of larval protein is linked to silk production and may alter fitness.