Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
Microbiology (Reading). 2011 Mar;157(Pt 3):899-910. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.045906-0. Epub 2010 Nov 16.
The draft genome sequence of Acetobacter aceti NBRC 14818 was determined by whole-genome shotgun sequencing and the transcriptome profile in cells exponentially grown on ethanol, acetate or glucose was analysed by using a DNA microarray. The genes for all enzymes that constitute the complete tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and glyoxylate pathway were identified in the genome. The TCA cycle genes showed higher expression levels in A. aceti cells grown on acetate or glucose and the glyoxylate pathway genes were significantly induced by ethanol or acetate. Many SOS-response genes were upregulated in cells grown on ethanol, indicating that ethanol provoked damage of DNA and proteins. The superoxide dismutase and catalase genes showed high expression levels in culture on glucose, indicating that oxidation of glucose induced oxidative stress. A. aceti NBRC 14818 was found to have a highly branched respiratory chain. The genes for two type I and one type II NADH dehydrogenase were identified. The genes for one of the type I enzymes were highly expressed when cells were grown on acetate or glucose, but were significantly downregulated in culture on ethanol, probably because ubiquinones were directly reduced by pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase. Four sets of the genes for quinol oxidases, one bo(3)-type (BO3), one bd-type and two cyanide-insensitive-types (CIOs), were identified in the genome. The genes for BO3, which might have proton-pumping activity, were highly expressed under the conditions tested, but were downregulated in the glucose culture. In contrast, the genes for one of the CIOs were significantly upregulated in cells grown on glucose. The two CIOs, which are expected to have lower energy-coupling efficiency, seemed to have a higher contribution in glucose-grown cells. These results indicate that energy conservation efficiency is fine-tuned by changing the respiratory components according to the growth conditions in A. aceti cells.
醋杆菌 NBRC 14818 的基因组草图序列是通过全基因组鸟枪法测序确定的，通过使用 DNA 微阵列分析了在乙醇、乙酸或葡萄糖上指数生长的细胞中的转录组图谱。基因组中鉴定出了构成完整三羧酸 (TCA) 循环和乙醛酸途径的所有酶的基因。在乙酸或葡萄糖上生长的 A. aceti 细胞中，TCA 循环基因的表达水平较高，而乙醛酸途径基因则被乙醇或乙酸显著诱导。许多 SOS 反应基因在乙醇生长的细胞中上调，表明乙醇引起 DNA 和蛋白质的损伤。超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶基因在葡萄糖培养中表达水平较高，表明葡萄糖氧化诱导氧化应激。发现 A. aceti NBRC 14818 具有高度分支的呼吸链。鉴定出两种类型 I 和一种类型 II NADH 脱氢酶的基因。当细胞在乙酸或葡萄糖上生长时，一种类型 I 酶的基因高度表达，但在乙醇培养中显著下调，可能是因为泛醌被吡咯喹啉醌依赖性醇脱氢酶直接还原。在基因组中鉴定出四组醌氧化酶基因，一种 BO3 型、一种 bd 型和两种对氰化物不敏感型 (CIO)。具有质子泵活性的 BO3 型基因在测试条件下高度表达，但在葡萄糖培养中下调。相比之下，一个 CIO 的基因在葡萄糖生长的细胞中显著上调。预计具有较低能量偶联效率的两个 CIO 似乎在葡萄糖生长的细胞中贡献更高。这些结果表明，根据 A. aceti 细胞的生长条件，通过改变呼吸成分来精细调节能量保存效率。
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