Biotechnological synthesis of drug metabolites using human cytochrome P450 isozymes heterologously expressed in fission yeast.

Cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases (CYPs) are the major enzymes involved in the metabolism of drugs and poisons in humans. The variation of their activity - due to genetic polymorphisms or enzyme inhibition/induction - potentially increases the risk of side effects or toxicity. Studies on CYP-dependent metabolism are important in drug-development or toxicity studies. Reference standards of drug metabolites required for such studies, especially in the context of metabolites in safety testing (MIST), are often not commercially available and their classical chemical synthesis can be cumbersome. Recently, a biotechnological approach using human CYP isozymes heterologously expressed in fission yeast was developed for the synthesis of drug metabolites. Among other aspects, this approach has the distinct advantages that the reactions run under mild conditions and that only the final product must be isolated and characterized. This review overviews the first practical applications of this new approach and discusses the selection of substrates, metabolites and fission yeast strains as well as important aspects of incubation, product isolation and clean-up.