Paläoanthropologie und Quartärpaläontologie Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt a.M., Germany.
J Hum Evol. 2011 Feb;60(2):129-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.05.001. Epub 2010 Nov 19.
European Russia has been at the fringe of the hominin dispersal for most of the late Pleistocene. However, by about 20,000 BP this area was settled by modern humans who had highly sophisticated and sometimes unique technologies. Not many Upper Paleolithic human fossils have been described from this area and consequently the morphology of these people remains largely unknown. Here, we present descriptions and a comparative morphological analysis of four possibly late Pleistocene fossils from European Russia: Skhodnya, Khvalynsk, Satanay, and Podkumok. The frontal bone is chosen for study because it is preserved in all of these fossils and is known to provide good discrimination among groups of Pleistocene hominins. All four fossils have been previously claimed to possess 'archaic' features of frontal morphology, such as developed supraorbital relief and a flat frontal squama. The results of a 3D geometric morphometric analysis of frontal bone landmarks and semilandmarks indicate that these fossils indisputably belong to modern humans. However, there are good reasons to associate Khvalynsk, Skhodnya, and Podkumok with Upper Paleolithic fossils from central and western Europe, whereas Satanay is more similar to a pooled sample of recent modern humans.
欧洲俄罗斯在更新世晚期的大部分时间里一直处于人类扩散的边缘。然而，到了大约 2 万年前，这个地区已经被拥有高度复杂、有时甚至独特技术的现代人所定居。来自该地区的上新世人类化石并不多，因此这些人的形态在很大程度上仍然未知。在这里，我们描述并比较了来自欧洲俄罗斯的四个可能是晚更新世的化石：Skhodnya、Khvalynsk、Satanay 和 Podkumok。额骨被选为研究对象，是因为它在所有这些化石中都有保存，并且已知可以很好地区分更新世人类群体。这四个化石以前都被认为具有额骨形态的“原始”特征，如发达的眶上脊和扁平的额鳞。对额骨标志点和半标志点的 3D 几何形态测量分析结果表明，这些化石无疑属于现代人。然而，有充分的理由将 Khvalynsk、Skhodnya 和 Podkumok 与来自中欧和西欧的旧石器时代晚期化石联系起来，而 Satanay 则更类似于最近现代人的综合样本。
