Biodegradation and biotransformation of explosives.

Explosives now contaminate millions of hectares of land in the US alone, with global levels of contamination difficult to fully assess. Understanding the biology behind the metabolism of these toxic compounds by microorganisms and plants is imperative for managing these pollutants in the environment. Towards this aim, recent studies have identified, and are now characterizing, plant genes involved in 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene detoxification and the biochemical pathways of nitramine degradation in microorganisms. A key scientific goal continues to be identification of enzymes capable of degrading 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and this still remains elusive, although recent reports give insights into the origin of nitrite released during biotransformation of this major contaminant. Promising phytoremediation research using transgenic model plant systems has now been transferred to poplar, a species with field applicability.