Center for Society & Genetics, Center for Gender-Based Biology, & Department of Human Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Prog Brain Res. 2010;186:65-76. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53630-3.00005-1.
Throughout development, numerous biological events occur that differentially affect males and females. Specifically, sex-determining genes that are triggered by the sex-chromosome complement initiate a series of events that determine an organism's sex and lead to the differentiation of the body in sex-specific ways. Such events contribute to many unique sex differences, including the susceptibility to different diseases. Although it was believed that sex hormones singularly differentiated the brain and body, there is emerging research showing that genes also play a direct role. In this chapter, we review this line of work and focus on the use of a unique mouse model that separates the effect of gonadal hormones and sex chromosomes. As genetic technology continues to advance, our understanding of the role that hormones and genes play in sex differences can be used to advance the physical and mental health of both men and women.
在整个发育过程中，会发生许多生物学事件，这些事件对男性和女性产生不同的影响。具体来说，由性染色体组成触发的性别决定基因启动了一系列事件，这些事件决定了生物体的性别，并导致身体以特定于性别的方式分化。这些事件导致了许多独特的性别差异，包括对不同疾病的易感性。尽管人们曾认为性激素单独区分了大脑和身体，但新兴的研究表明基因也发挥了直接作用。在本章中，我们回顾了这一研究方向，并重点介绍了一种独特的小鼠模型，该模型可分离性腺激素和性染色体的作用。随着遗传技术的不断进步，我们对激素和基因在性别差异中所起作用的理解，可以用于促进男性和女性的身心健康。
