Air Force Flight Test Center, Edwards AFB, CA, USA.
Bioinspir Biomim. 2010 Dec;5(4):045008. doi: 10.1088/1748-3182/5/4/045008. Epub 2010 Nov 24.
A series of radio-controlled glider models was constructed by duplicating the aerodynamic shape of soaring birds (raven, turkey vulture, seagull and pelican). Controlled tests were conducted to determine the level of longitudinal and lateral-directional static stability, and to identify the characteristics that allowed flight without a vertical tail. The use of tail-tilt for controlling small bank-angle changes, as observed in soaring birds, was verified. Subsequent tests, using wing-tip ailerons, inferred that birds use a three-dimensional flow pattern around the wing tip (wing tip vortices) to control adverse yaw and to create a small amount of forward thrust in gliding flight.
一系列无线电控制滑翔机模型通过复制翱翔鸟类（乌鸦、火鸡秃鹫、海鸥和鹈鹕）的空气动力学形状来构建。进行了受控测试，以确定纵向和横向稳定性的水平，并确定允许无垂直尾翼飞行的特征。验证了在翱翔鸟类中观察到的使用尾倾来控制小的倾斜角度变化。随后的使用翼尖副翼的测试推断，鸟类使用翼尖周围的三维流动模式（翼尖涡流）来控制负偏航并在滑翔飞行中产生少量向前推力。
