Novel agents improve survival of transplant patients with multiple myeloma including those with high-risk disease defined by early relapse (<12 months).

The treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) has changed with the advent of thalidomide, bortezomib, and lenalidomide, the so-called novel agents (NAs). Given the complexity of MM therapy in the NA era we pursued a population based study to assess for improvements in survival as well as to characterize the relevance of early relapse (within 12 months) and the International Staging System in this clinical setting. We reviewed our experience with 460 patients with MM treated with autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) between 1988 and 2008, of whom 306 had relapsed. The cohort was divided into two groups based upon relapse pre-2004 and relapse during/after 2004 (2004+), which correlated to availability of bortezomib and lenalidomide. Improvements in both overall survival (OS) (median 32.0 months vs. 71.8 months; p < 0.001) and post-relapse survival (PRS) (median 15.2 months vs. 42.8 months; p < 0.001) correlated with the NA era. Exposure to NAs conferred a better PRS (median 35.7 months vs. 9.1 months; p < 0.001). Although all patients had improvements in survival, those who relapsed late continued to do better. Lastly, in the NA era, the ISS remains an important prognostic tool in relapse, but only in the late relapsing cohort.