Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics and International Food Policy Research Institute/Michican State University Joint Program on Markets in Asia, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jul 31;109(31):12332-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1003160108. Epub 2010 Dec 6.
A "supermarket revolution" has occurred in developing countries in the past 2 decades. We focus on three specific issues that reflect the impact of this revolution, particularly in Asia: continuity in transformation, innovation in transformation, and unique development strategies. First, the record shows that the rapid growth observed in the early 2000s in China, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand has continued, and the "newcomers"--India and Vietnam--have grown even faster. Although foreign direct investment has been important, the roles of domestic conglomerates and even state investment have been significant and unique. Second, Asia's supermarket revolution has exhibited unique pathways of retail diffusion and procurement system change. There has been "precocious" penetration of rural towns by rural supermarkets and rural business hubs, emergence of penetration of fresh produce retail that took much longer to initiate in other regions, and emergence of Asian retail developing-country multinational chains. In procurement, a symbiosis between modern retail and the emerging and consolidating modern food processing and logistics sectors has arisen. Third, several approaches are being tried to link small farmers to supermarkets. Some are unique to Asia, for example assembling into a "hub" or "platform" or "park" the various companies and services that link farmers to modern markets. Other approaches relatively new to Asia are found elsewhere, especially in Latin America, including "bringing modern markets to farmers" by establishing collection centers and multipronged collection cum service provision arrangements, and forming market cooperatives and farmer companies to help small farmers access supermarkets.
在过去的 20 年中，发展中国家发生了一场“超市革命”。我们关注三个具体问题，这些问题反映了这场革命的影响，尤其是在亚洲：转型的连续性、转型的创新以及独特的发展战略。首先，记录显示，中国、印度尼西亚、马来西亚和泰国在 21 世纪初观察到的快速增长持续了下去，而“新进入者”——印度和越南——的增长甚至更快。尽管外国直接投资很重要，但国内企业集团甚至国家投资的作用也很重要且具有独特性。其次，亚洲的超市革命展示了独特的零售扩散途径和采购系统变革。农村超市和农村商业中心早早地渗透到农村城镇，新鲜农产品零售的渗透比其他地区开始得要晚得多，亚洲零售发展中国家的跨国连锁店也出现了。在采购方面，现代零售与新兴和巩固的现代食品加工和物流部门之间出现了共生关系。第三，正在尝试几种方法将小农户与超市联系起来。其中一些方法是亚洲独有的，例如将将农民与现代市场联系起来的各种公司和服务组合成“中心”或“平台”或“园区”。在亚洲相对较新的其他方法，尤其是在拉丁美洲，也有发现，包括通过建立收集中心和多管齐下的收集和服务提供安排，以及组建市场合作社和农民公司来帮助小农户进入超市，从而“将现代市场带给农民”。
