Edmunds Andrew J F, Aluja Martin, Diaz-Fleischer Fransico, Patrian Bruno, Hagmann Leonhard
Syngenta Crop Protection Muenchwilen AG, Schaffhauserstrasse, CH-4332 Stein.
Chimia (Aarau). 2010;64(1-2):37-42. doi: 10.2533/chimia.2010.37.
Host marking pheromones (HMPs) are used by insects to mark hosts (usually a fruit) where they have already laid eggs. The compounds serve as a deterrent to conspecifics avoiding over-infestation of hosts (i.e. repeated egg-laying into an already occupied/used host). If these HMPs are sprayed onto commercially valuable fruit they act as deterrents preventing attack by females interested in laying eggs into the valuable commodity. Having no insecticidal or toxic properties, and being natural products (or close derivatives thereof) they could be used as fruit sprays to replace insecticides, or in combination with other products to improve efficacy. This review discusses the isolation, and synthesis of the HMP of the Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens a feared pest of citrus and mangos in Mexico and Central America. This compound is also recognized by females of other pestiferous species in the same genus Anastrepha distributed from the Southern USA to Northern Argentina, including many Caribbean Islands. The synthetic HMP was shown to exhibit strong electrophysiological activity against A. ludens and excellent interspecies cross recognition with other Anastrepha species. Behavioural tests confirmed the HMP deterring effect of the synthetic natural product. Further studies enabled us to drastically simplify the structure of the HMP and obtain a derivative, which we named Anastrephamide, which shows HMP deterring effects very similar to the natural product in laboratory and field tests. The potential use of such HMP derivatives in a crop protection scenario is briefly discussed.
宿主标记信息素（HMPs）被昆虫用于标记它们已经产卵的宿主（通常是果实）。这些化合物可作为一种威慑物，阻止同种个体过度侵扰宿主（即避免在已被占用/使用的宿主上重复产卵）。如果将这些宿主标记信息素喷洒在具有商业价值的果实上，它们就会起到威慑作用，防止对该有价值商品感兴趣的雌虫进行攻击。由于它们没有杀虫或毒性特性，并且是天然产物（或其近似衍生物），因此可以用作果实喷雾剂来替代杀虫剂，或者与其他产品结合使用以提高功效。本综述讨论了墨西哥果蝇（Anastrepha ludens）宿主标记信息素的分离和合成，墨西哥果蝇是墨西哥和中美洲柑橘和芒果的一种令人担忧的害虫。来自美国南部到阿根廷北部，包括许多加勒比岛屿的同属Anastrepha属的其他害虫物种的雌虫也能识别这种化合物。合成的宿主标记信息素对墨西哥果蝇表现出强烈的电生理活性，并且与其他Anastrepha物种具有出色的种间交叉识别能力。行为测试证实了合成天然产物的宿主标记信息素的威慑作用。进一步的研究使我们能够大幅简化宿主标记信息素的结构，并获得一种衍生物，我们将其命名为Anastrephamide，在实验室和田间试验中，该衍生物显示出与天然产物非常相似的宿主标记信息素威慑效果。本文还简要讨论了此类宿主标记信息素衍生物在作物保护中的潜在用途。
