Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Inhal Toxicol. 2010 Dec;22 Suppl 2:37-47. doi: 10.3109/08958378.2010.518377.
The composition of airborne particulate matter (PM) varies widely depending on its source, and recent studies have suggested that particle-associated adverse health effects are related to particle composition. The objective of this study was to compare the biological/toxicological effects of different source-related PM. Specifically, we investigated the biological/toxicological effects of standard reference materials (SRMs): non-ferrous dust (PD-1, industrial), urban PM (UPM, SRM1648a), and diesel PM (DPM, SRM2975), and ambient PM(2.5) (PM with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 µm) collected at an urban site (Toronto, Canada). The dithiothreitol assay was used to measure the redox activity of the particles. Human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) were exposed to a range of concentrations (10-1000 µg/ml) of total PM, and the respective water-soluble and insoluble fractions, for 24 h. Biological responses were then evaluated in terms of cytotoxicity and interleukin (IL)-8 release, and compared with the PM composition and redox activity. We demonstrated that transition metal-enriched PD-1 exhibited the greatest cytotoxic effect (LD(50) values of 100-400 µg/ml vs. >1000 µg/ml for the SRM1648a, SRM2975, and ambient PM(2.5)). Similarly, the PM-induced release of IL-8 was greatest for PD-1 (~6-9 ng/ml vs. ~1.5-3 ng/ml for others). These endpoints were more responsive to metals as compared with compared with secondary inorganic ions and organic compounds. Interestingly, we demonstrated a high degree of adsorption of IL-8 to the various SRMs and ambient PM(2.5), and subsequently derived a new correction method to aid in interpretation of these data. These characteristics likely impart differential effects toward the toxic and immune effects of PM.
空气中颗粒物（PM）的组成因来源而异，最近的研究表明，与颗粒相关的不良健康影响与颗粒组成有关。本研究的目的是比较不同来源相关 PM 的生物学/毒理学效应。具体来说，我们研究了标准参考物质（SRM）的生物学/毒理学效应：有色金属粉尘（PD-1，工业）、城市 PM（UPM，SRM1648a）和柴油 PM（DPM，SRM2975）以及在城市地区（加拿大多伦多）采集的环境 PM（直径<2.5μm 的空气动力学）。二硫苏糖醇测定法用于测量颗粒的氧化还原活性。用一系列浓度（10-1000μg/ml）的总 PM 及其相应的水溶性和不溶性部分对人肺泡上皮细胞（A549）进行暴露 24 小时。然后根据细胞毒性和白细胞介素（IL）-8 释放来评估生物学反应，并与 PM 组成和氧化还原活性进行比较。我们证明，富含过渡金属的 PD-1 表现出最大的细胞毒性效应（LD（50）值为 100-400μg/ml，而 SRM1648a、SRM2975 和环境 PM（2.5）的 LD（50）值>1000μg/ml）。同样，PM 诱导的 IL-8 释放量最高的是 PD-1（~6-9ng/ml，而其他的约为 1.5-3ng/ml）。与二次无机离子和有机化合物相比，这些终点对金属更为敏感。有趣的是，我们证明了 IL-8 高度吸附在各种 SRM 和环境 PM（2.5）上，并随后开发了一种新的校正方法来帮助解释这些数据。这些特征可能会对 PM 的毒性和免疫效应产生不同的影响。
