Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
Neurotoxicology. 2011 Mar;32(2):268-76. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2010.12.008. Epub 2010 Dec 21.
There is compelling evidence that adverse neurobehavioral effects are associated with occupational organophosphorous pesticide (OP) exposure in humans. Behavioral studies of pesticide applicators, greenhouse workers, agricultural workers and farm residents exposed repeatedly over months or years to low levels of OPs reveal a relatively consistent pattern of neurobehavioral deficits. However, only two studies have demonstrated a link between neurobehavioral performance and current biomarkers of OP exposure including blood cholinesterase (ChE) activity and urinary levels of OP metabolites. A variety of reasons may explain why so few studies have reported such correlations, including differing individual and group exposure histories, differing methodologies for assessing behavior and exposure, and lack of a reliable index of exposure. Alternatively, these data may suggest that current biomarkers (ChE, urine metabolites) are neither predictive nor diagnostic of the neurobehavioral effects of chronic OP pesticide exposures. This review focuses on the evidence that neurobehavioral performance deficits are associated with occupational OP pesticide exposure and concludes that research needs to return to the basics and rigorously test the relationships between neurobehavioral performance and both current (ChE and urine metabolites) and novel (e.g., inflammation and oxidative stress) biomarkers using human and animal models. The results of such studies are critically important because OP pesticides are widely and extensively used throughout the world, including situations where exposure controls and personal protective equipment are not routinely used.
有确凿的证据表明，职业性有机磷农药（OP）暴露会对人类的神经行为产生不良影响。对反复、长时间接触低水平 OP 的农药施用者、温室工人、农业工人和农场居民进行的行为研究揭示了相对一致的神经行为缺陷模式。然而，仅有两项研究表明，神经行为表现与当前的 OP 暴露生物标志物（包括血液胆碱酯酶（ChE）活性和尿液中 OP 代谢物水平）之间存在关联。造成这种情况的原因有很多，包括个体和群体暴露史的差异、评估行为和暴露的方法学差异，以及缺乏可靠的暴露指数。或者，这些数据可能表明，当前的生物标志物（ChE、尿液代谢物）既不能预测也不能诊断慢性 OP 农药暴露对神经行为的影响。本综述重点关注神经行为表现缺陷与职业性 OP 农药暴露相关的证据，并得出结论，研究需要回归基础，使用人类和动物模型，严格测试神经行为表现与当前（ChE 和尿液代谢物）和新型（如炎症和氧化应激）生物标志物之间的关系。这些研究的结果至关重要，因为 OP 农药在全世界广泛而广泛地使用，包括在没有常规使用暴露控制和个人防护设备的情况下。
