Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Am J Ther. 2011 Jan;18(1):38-44. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0b013e3182068cc6.
Oral contraceptive pills were first approved by the Food and Drug Administration 50 years ago. Discovery of the physiology of reproduction and demonstration of the ability to inhibit ovulation with ovarian extracts laid the early groundwork for the development of contraceptives. Later, characterization of the hormones controlling ovulation and synthesis of progestins allowed production of oral contraceptives. Modern estrogen and progestin pills have undergone significant changes since their initial introduction. New formulations have been developed, doses have been lowered, and extended use introduced. The Food and Drug Administration has recently approved a new oral contraceptive containing estradiol valerate and dienogest. This pill contains an orally active estradiol in combination with a progestin with strong endometrial activity. The decreasing estrogen dose combined with an increasing progestin dose decreases the risk of break through bleeding when compared to previous estradiol valerate formulations. The contraceptive efficacy and a tolerability of this new pill are similar to currently marketed low dose combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives.
口服避孕药于 50 年前首次获得美国食品和药物管理局批准。对生殖生理学的发现以及用卵巢提取物抑制排卵的能力的证明，为避孕药的发展奠定了早期基础。后来，对控制排卵的激素和孕激素的合成进行了描述，从而可以生产口服避孕药。自最初推出以来，现代雌激素和孕激素药丸已经发生了重大变化。已经开发出新的配方，降低了剂量，并引入了延长使用。美国食品和药物管理局最近批准了一种含有戊酸雌二醇和地诺孕素的新型口服避孕药。这种药丸含有一种口服活性雌激素，与一种具有强烈子宫内膜活性的孕激素结合。与以前的戊酸雌二醇制剂相比，减少雌激素剂量和增加孕激素剂量可降低突破性出血的风险。这种新药丸的避孕效果和耐受性与目前市场上销售的低剂量复方雌激素-孕激素口服避孕药相似。
