RAGE and cardiovascular disease.

RAGE is pattern recognizing receptors for diverse endogenous ligands. RAGE activation by RAGE ligands is known to be associated with reactive oxygen species generation, activation of NF kappa B, as well as recruitment of proinflammatory cells. Activated endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic plaques and activated inflammatory cells all have increased expression of RAGE, which with its interaction with RAGE ligands increases the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and cell adhesion molecules. Furthermore, RAGE may have a significant role in leukocyte recruitment into the intima of the atherosclerosis. Initial insults resulting in endothelial dysfunction will result in leukocyte infiltration, oxidative stress and vascular inflammation that is amplified by RAGE activation. RAGE and its interaction with RAGE ligands may be important for initializing and maintaining the pathological processes that result in various entities of cardiovascular disease. Soluble RAGE competitively inhibits the binding of RAGE ligands to RAGE and attenuates the development of atherosclerosis in vivo. Thus RAGE may be a promising target for treatment of cardiovascular disease in the future.