Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt.
Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Jun;119(6):801-6. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1002873. Epub 2011 Jan 11.
Chlorpyrifos (CPF), a widely used organophosphorus pesticide (OP), is metabolized to CPF-oxon, a potent cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor, and trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy). Urinary TCPy is often used as a biomarker for CPF exposure, whereas blood ChE activity is considered an indicator of CPF toxicity. However, whether these biomarkers are dose related has not been studied extensively in populations with repeated daily OP exposures.
We sought to determine the relationship between blood ChE and urinary TCPy during repeated occupational exposures to CPF.
Daily urine samples and weekly blood samples were collected from pesticide workers (n=38) in Menoufia Governorate, Egypt, before, during, and after 9-17 consecutive days of CPF application to cotton fields. We compared blood butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities with the respective urinary TCPy concentrations in each worker.
Average TCPy levels during the middle of a 1- to 2-week CPF application period were significantly higher in pesticide applicators (6,437 µg/g creatinine) than in technicians (184 µg/g) and engineers (157 µg/g), both of whom are involved in supervising the application process. We observed a statistically significant inverse correlation between urinary TCPy and blood BuChE and AChE activities. The no-effect level (or inflection point) of the exposure-effect relationships has an average urinary TCPy level of 114 µg/g creatinine for BuChE and 3,161 µg/g creatinine for AChE.
Our findings demonstrate a dose-effect relationship between urinary TCPy and both plasma BuChE and red blood cell AChE in humans exposed occupationally to CPF. These findings will contribute to future risk assessment efforts for CPF exposure.
毒死蜱（CPF）是一种广泛使用的有机磷农药（OP），会代谢为毒死蜱氧（CPF-oxon），这是一种强效的胆碱酯酶（ChE）抑制剂，以及三氯-2-吡啶醇（TCPy）。尿 TCPy 通常用作 CPF 暴露的生物标志物，而血液 ChE 活性被认为是 CPF 毒性的指标。然而，在反复每日接触 OP 的人群中，这些生物标志物是否与剂量有关尚未得到广泛研究。
我们旨在确定在反复职业接触 CPF 期间血液 ChE 与尿 TCPy 之间的关系。
在埃及 Menoufia 省，我们从 38 名农药工人中收集了每日尿液样本和每周血液样本，在连续 9-17 天向棉花田喷洒 CPF 之前、期间和之后进行收集。我们比较了每个工人的血液丁酰胆碱酯酶（BuChE）和乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）活性与相应的尿 TCPy 浓度。
在 CPF 应用 1-2 周期间的中间阶段，农药施用者（6437µg/g 肌酐）的平均 TCPy 水平明显高于技术员（184µg/g）和工程师（157µg/g），这两者都参与监督应用过程。我们观察到尿 TCPy 与血液 BuChE 和 AChE 活性之间存在显著的负相关关系。暴露-效应关系的无效应水平（或拐点）的尿 TCPy 水平平均为 114µg/g 肌酐的 BuChE 和 3161µg/g 肌酐的 AChE。
我们的发现表明，在职业接触 CPF 的人群中，尿 TCPy 与血浆 BuChE 和红细胞 AChE 之间存在剂量-效应关系。这些发现将有助于未来对 CPF 暴露的风险评估工作。
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