The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Receptors in Atherosclerosis.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α)-α is a cytokine exhibiting a plethora of activities involved in inflammation, immune regulation, and energy metabolism. TNF is produced by many cell types, including cells found in atherosclerotic lesions, such as activated monocytes or macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, mast cells, and smooth muscle cells. Two receptors mediate the functions of TNF, and both receptors are also present on cells of the artery wall and on cells involved in lesion development. Mice genetically engineered to lack expression of TNF and each of its receptors are now available and are being used to dissect the role of these molecules in protection from or development of atherosclerosis. The role of TNF receptors in atherosclerosis is the primary focus of this review.