Grup de Recerca en Remugants (G2R), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
J Dairy Sci. 2011 Feb;94(2):716-26. doi: 10.3168/jds.2010-3210.
We constructed a regression model to estimate the retention of electronic boluses in goats. With this aim, 2,482 boluses were administered to goats from dairy (Murciano-Granadina, n=1,326; French Alpine, n=381) and meat (Blanca de Rasquera, n=532) breeds. A total of 19 bolus types made of materials (ceramic, plastic tubes filled with concrete or silicone, and ballasts) differing in their specific gravity (SG) were used, thereby obtaining a wide variation in bolus features: diameter (9 to 22 mm), length (37 to 84 mm), weight (5 to 111 g), volume (2.6 to 26 mL), and SG (1.0 to 5.5). Each bolus contained a half-duplex glass encapsulated transponder (32 × 3.8mm) and was administered using adapted balling guns. Murciano-Granadina and Blanca de Rasquera goats also wore 2 visual plastic ear tags: V1 (double flag, 5.1g) and V2 (flag-button, 4.2g). No data on ear tags in French Alpine goats was available. Bolus and ear tag retention [(retained/monitored) × 100] was recorded for at least 1 yr. Dynamic reading efficiency [(dynamic reading/static reading) × 100] was also evaluated from 1,496 bolus readings. No administration incidences or apparent negative behavior or performance effects were observed for any bolus type. Static reading efficiency of retained boluses was 100%, except for the prototypes with metal ballasts, which yielded a 93.3% reading efficiency. Retention of metal-ballasted boluses was confirmed using x-ray equipment. Excluding ballasted boluses, a 99.5% dynamic reading efficiency was obtained. Ear tag losses were 6.5% for V1 and 3.7% for V2, ranging from 3.2 to 7.8% depending on ear tag type and goat breed. Bolus retention varied (0 to 100%) according to their physical features. Obtained data allowed the fitting of a logistic model of bolus retention rate according to bolus volume and weight (R(2) = 0.98); the SG was implicitly considered. Estimated weight and SG to produce medium- (15 mL) and standard-sized (22 mL) boluses for 99.95% retention rate in goats were 73.0 and 94.1g, and 4.87 and 4.28, respectively. Mini-boluses are not recommended, as none of the available radio translucent materials reach the required SG. In conclusion, increase of SG was fundamental to optimize bolus retention. Medium-sized boluses (10 to 15 mL; SG 5.8 to 4.9) for early administration and efficient retention in adult goats could be produced, thereby addressing the problem of using proper boluses for goat identification.
我们构建了一个回归模型来估计电子丸在山羊体内的滞留率。为此，给来自乳用品种（穆尔西亚-格拉纳迪纳，n=1326；阿尔卑斯法国牛，n=381）和肉用品种（布拉瓦德拉斯夸雷拉，n=532）的山羊服用了 2482 个丸剂。总共使用了 19 种丸剂，由比重（SG）不同的材料（陶瓷、填充混凝土或硅酮的塑料管和压载物）制成，从而使丸剂的特性有了很大的差异：直径（9 至 22 毫米）、长度（37 至 84 毫米）、重量（5 至 111 克）、体积（2.6 至 26 毫升）和 SG（1.0 至 5.5）。每个丸剂都含有一个半双工玻璃封装的应答器（32×3.8mm），并使用改良的丸剂枪进行给药。穆尔西亚-格拉纳迪纳和布拉瓦德拉斯夸雷拉的山羊还佩戴了 2 个视觉塑料耳标：V1（双旗，5.1g）和 V2（旗形按钮，4.2g）。法国阿尔卑斯牛的耳标数据不可用。记录了至少 1 年的丸剂和耳标保留率[（保留/监测）×100]。还从 1496 次丸剂读取中评估了动态读取效率[（动态读取/静态读取）×100]。对于任何丸剂类型，都没有观察到给药事件或明显的负面行为或表现影响。除了金属压载丸剂外，静态读取保留丸剂的效率为 100%，而金属压载丸剂的读取效率为 93.3%。使用 X 射线设备确认了金属压载丸剂的保留情况。不包括压载丸剂，可获得 99.5%的动态读取效率。V1 的耳标丢失率为 6.5%，V2 的耳标丢失率为 3.7%，耳标类型和山羊品种不同，耳标丢失率在 3.2%至 7.8%之间。丸剂保留率根据其物理特征而变化（0 至 100%）。获得的数据允许根据丸剂体积和重量拟合丸剂保留率的逻辑模型（R²=0.98）；SG 被隐含考虑在内。为了在山羊中达到 99.95%的保留率，产生中等（15 毫升）和标准尺寸（22 毫升）丸剂所需的估计重量和 SG 分别为 73.0 和 94.1g，以及 4.87 和 4.28。不建议使用微型丸剂，因为现有的任何无线电半透明材料都无法达到所需的 SG。总之，SG 的增加对于优化丸剂保留率是至关重要的。可以生产用于早期给药和成年山羊高效保留的中等大小丸剂（10 至 15 毫升；SG 5.8 至 4.9），从而解决了为山羊识别使用适当丸剂的问题。
