Edebalk Per Gunnar, Olsson Mats
Lund University.
Scand J Hist. 2010;35(4):391-402. doi: 10.1080/03468755.2010.491635.
In the year 1900, Sweden probably had the oldest population in the contemporary world. It was also the first nation to implement a universal pension system in 1913. The universal character in early social legislation has certainly been decisive for the development of the Swedish welfare state. This alternative has not been self-evident. Why did the reforms turn universal, when the continental model, the Bismarck social security system, was exclusively directed at industrial workers? Research has concentrated on demographic factors and growing demands for social security, or on the fact that Sweden was still a predominantly rural society with about 2,400 local authorities. This article examines the development of social legislation in the light of local government expenditures and incomes, and suggests an overlooked possibility: the formulation of the first universal national social security reform was a redistributional response to uneven distribution of incomes and general expenditures among the rural districts in Sweden.
1900年，瑞典可能拥有当代世界最老龄的人口。它也是1913年首个实施全民养老金制度的国家。早期社会立法中的普遍性特征无疑对瑞典福利国家的发展起到了决定性作用。这种选择并非不言而喻。当大陆模式，即俾斯麦社会保障体系专门针对产业工人时，为何改革转向了普遍性？研究集中在人口因素和对社会保障不断增长的需求上，或者集中在瑞典仍是一个主要为农村社会且有大约2400个地方当局这一事实上。本文根据地方政府的支出和收入来审视社会立法的发展，并提出一种被忽视的可能性：首个普遍性的全国社会保障改革的制定是对瑞典农村地区收入和一般支出分配不均的一种再分配回应。
