Lynge Elsebeth, Tinnerberg Håkan, Rylander Lars, Romundstad Pål, Johansen Kristina, Lindbohm Marja-Liisa, Heikkilä Pirjo, Westberg Håkan, Clausen Lene Bjørk, Piombino Antoine, Thorsted Brian Larsen
Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Ann Occup Hyg. 2011 May;55(4):387-96. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/meq101. Epub 2011 Feb 3.
Tetrachloroethylene is the dominant solvent used in dry cleaning worldwide and many workers are potentially exposed. We report here on results of 1296 measurements of tetrachloroethylene undertaken in Nordic dry cleaning shops 1947-2001.
We searched documents and files in the Nordic institutes of occupational health for air measurements of tetrachloroethylene. Repeated measurements from the same facility during a short time interval were registered only once using the time-weighted average. We registered also changes over time in occupational exposure limits (OELs) to tetrachloroethylene.
Only scattered measurements were available from the early years, and the exposure level seemed fairly stable up until the mid 1970s. The median exposure level was 20 p.p.m. in 1976 and decreased to 3 p.p.m. in 2000. Exposure levels in the four Nordic countries followed similar trends. In the late 1960s, the OELs varied between the Nordic countries from 30 to 100 p.p.m. Sweden was first to lower the limit, but limits gradually converged over time. At present, Denmark, Finland, and Sweden use 10 p.p.m., while Norway uses 6 p.p.m. Over time, the average observed exposure level was lower than the OEL in all countries, but in Denmark and Sweden, up to one-third of measured exposures exceeded the OEL. Overall, the stationary measurements for maintenance work showed 36 p.p.m., while the personal measurements showed 7.5 p.p.m. for dry cleaners and 6.25 p.p.m. for shop assistants.
The Nordic data illustrate that it is possible over time to control chemical exposures even in an industry consisting of many small and scattered work places.
四氯乙烯是全球干洗行业使用的主要溶剂，许多工人都有可能接触到它。我们在此报告1947年至2001年期间在北欧干洗店进行的1296次四氯乙烯测量结果。
我们在北欧职业健康研究所搜索了有关四氯乙烯空气测量的文件和档案。在短时间间隔内对同一设施进行的重复测量仅使用时间加权平均值记录一次。我们还记录了四氯乙烯职业接触限值（OELs）随时间的变化。
早期只有零散的测量数据，直到20世纪70年代中期，接触水平似乎相当稳定。1976年的接触水平中位数为20 ppm，到2000年降至3 ppm。北欧四个国家的接触水平遵循相似趋势。20世纪60年代末，北欧各国的OELs在30至100 ppm之间变化。瑞典率先降低了限值，但随着时间的推移，限值逐渐趋于一致。目前，丹麦、芬兰和瑞典采用10 ppm，而挪威采用6 ppm。随着时间的推移，所有国家观察到的平均接触水平均低于OEL，但在丹麦和瑞典，高达三分之一的测量接触量超过了OEL。总体而言，维修工作的固定测量显示为36 ppm，而干洗工的个人测量显示为7.5 ppm，店员为6.25 ppm。
北欧的数据表明，即使在一个由许多小而分散的工作场所组成的行业中，随着时间的推移控制化学物质接触也是可能的。
