Functional somatic syndromes, anxiety disorders and the upper airway: a matter of paradigms.

The relationship between the functional somatic syndromes, anxiety disorders and the upper airway (particularly, sleep disordered breathing) remains ambiguous. This ambiguity, despite a growing body of research supporting a relationship, may result from the absence of a paradigm to explain how upper airway dysfunction can promote disorders commonly associated with one's mental health. This review models the functional somatic syndromes and anxiety disorders as consequences of chronically increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. It then examines the literature supporting a relationship between these disorders and upper airway dysfunction during wakefulness and sleep. Finally, building upon an existing paradigm of neural sensitization, sleep disordered breathing is linked to functional somatic syndromes and anxiety disorders through chronic activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.