Childhood cancer and developmental biology a crucial partnership.

For many years, there were relatively few research efforts that bridged the fields of developmental biology and cancer genetics. However, in the past decade, we have witnessed a dramatic shift and now these two fields are intertwined. Part of the impetus for this transition came from the discovery that regulatory pathways that were previously thought to be uniquely important for developmental processes were also perturbed in cancer. In addition, the conceptual framework for understanding how cells self-renew or undergo unidirectional changes in competence during development has proven to be very useful in cancer biology as researchers explore tumor initiation and progression. Finally, a deeper understanding of the process of terminal differentiation and how that relates to cellular plasticity may have important implications for both cancer biology and developmental biology. Here we highlight some of the important connections between developmental neurobiology and cancer biology in retinoblastoma. By bridging these fields, important advances have been made in modeling retinoblastoma in mice, elucidating the cell-of-origin for retinoblastoma and identifying novel therapeutic approaches.