Changes in agglomeration of fullerenes during ingestion and excretion in Thamnocephalus platyurus.

The crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus was exposed to aqueous suspensions of fullerenes C(60) and C(70) . Aqueous fullerene suspensions were formed by stirring C(60) and C(70) as received from a commercial vendor in deionized water (termed aqu/C(60) and aqu/C(70) ) for approximately 100 d. The Z-average (mean hydrodynamic) diameters of aqu/C(60) and aqu/C(70) aggregates as measured by dynamic light scattering were 517 ± 21 nm and 656 ± 39 nm (mean ± 95% confidence limit), respectively. Exposure of T. platyurus to fullerene suspensions resulted in the formation of dark masses in the digestive track visible under a stereo microscope (×40 magnification). Fullerene ingestion over 1 h of exposure was quantitatively determined after extraction and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). One-hour exposures (at 3 mg/L and 6 mg/L) resulted in aqu/C(60) burdens of 2.7 ± 0.4 µg/mg and 6.8 ± 1.5 µg/mg wet weight, respectively. Thin-section transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of aqu/C(60) -exposed T. platyurus showed the formation in the gut of fullerene agglomerates (5-10 µm) that were an order of magnitude larger than the suspended fullerene agglomerates. Upon excretion, the observed fullerene agglomerates were in the 10- to 70-µm size range and settled to the bottom of the incubation wells. In contrast to the control polystyrene microspheres, which dispersed after depuration, the aqu/C(60) agglomerates (greater than two orders of magnitude larger than the suspended fullerenes) remained agglomerated for up to six months. When exposed to fullerenes, T. platyurus shows the potential to influence agglomerate size and may facilitate movement of these nanoparticles from the water column into sediment.