Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, California 92037, USA.
Annu Rev Immunol. 2011;29:621-63. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101400.
T cell help to B cells is a fundamental aspect of adaptive immunity and the generation of immunological memory. Follicular helper CD4 T (T(FH)) cells are the specialized providers of B cell help. T(FH) cells depend on expression of the master regulator transcription factor Bcl6. Distinguishing features of T(FH) cells are the expression of CXCR5, PD-1, SAP (SH2D1A), IL-21, and ICOS, among other molecules, and the absence of Blimp-1 (prdm1). T(FH) cells are important for the formation of germinal centers. Once germinal centers are formed, T(FH) cells are needed to maintain them and to regulate germinal center B cell differentiation into plasma cells and memory B cells. This review covers T(FH) differentiation, T(FH) functions, and human T(FH) cells, discussing recent progress and areas of uncertainty or disagreement in the literature, and it debates the developmental relationship between T(FH) cells and other CD4 T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, iTreg).
T 细胞辅助 B 细胞是适应性免疫和免疫记忆产生的一个基本方面。滤泡辅助性 CD4 T（T（FH））细胞是 B 细胞辅助的专门提供者。T（FH）细胞依赖于转录因子 Bcl6 的主调控因子的表达。T（FH）细胞的特征在于表达 CXCR5、PD-1、SAP（SH2D1A）、IL-21 和 ICOS 等分子，以及缺乏 Blimp-1（prdm1）。T（FH）细胞对于生发中心的形成很重要。一旦形成生发中心，就需要 T（FH）细胞来维持它们，并调节生发中心 B 细胞分化为浆细胞和记忆 B 细胞。这篇综述涵盖了 T（FH）细胞的分化、T（FH）细胞的功能和人类 T（FH）细胞，讨论了文献中的最新进展和不确定或有分歧的领域，并讨论了 T（FH）细胞与其他 CD4 T 细胞亚群（Th1、Th2、Th17、iTreg）之间的发育关系。
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