Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Crit Rev Toxicol. 2011 May;41(5):384-403. doi: 10.3109/10408444.2010.541224. Epub 2011 Feb 18.
Sulfur mustard (SM) and similar bifunctional agents have been used as chemical weapons for almost 100 years. Victims of high-dose exposure, both combatants and civilians, may die within hours or weeks, but low-dose exposure causes both acute injury to the eyes, skin, respiratory tract and other parts of the body, and chronic sequelae in these organs are often debilitating and have a serious impact on quality of life. Ever since they were first used in warfare in 1917, SM and other mustard agents have been the subjects of intensive research, and their chemistry, pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of toxic action are now fairly well understood. In the present article we review this knowledge and relate the molecular-biological basis of SM toxicity, as far as it has been elucidated, to the pathological effects on exposure victims.
硫芥（SM）和类似的双功能试剂已经作为化学武器使用了近 100 年。高剂量暴露的受害者，无论是战斗人员还是平民，可能在数小时或数周内死亡，但低剂量暴露会导致眼睛、皮肤、呼吸道和身体其他部位的急性损伤，这些器官的慢性后遗症通常使人衰弱，并对生活质量产生严重影响。自 1917 年首次在战争中使用以来，SM 和其他芥子气剂一直是密集研究的对象，它们的化学、药代动力学和毒性作用机制现在已经相当清楚。在本文中，我们回顾了这些知识，并将 SM 毒性的分子生物学基础与暴露受害者的病理效应联系起来，就目前已经阐明的内容而言。
