Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, Spanish National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Carretera A Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid, Spain.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2011 Aug;18(7):1194-201. doi: 10.1007/s11356-011-0474-8. Epub 2011 Mar 4.
The antiparasitic ivermectin is of particular concern to regulatory agencies. Ivermectin can reach the environment through the direct emission of dung from livestock on pasture and via manure application on agricultural lands.
A semifield study was conducted for assessing the ivermectin dynamic in runoff and drainage waters from dung-treated soils placed on experimental trays. The experiment was conducted under natural Mediterranean conditions. Realistic pasture and arable land applications were assessed using dung of treated animals and compared with a positive control (spraying the ivermective solution without dung).
Similar concentrations were obtained in all three treatments for drainage waters, with values ranging from <5-10 to about 20 ng/l. However, strong treatment-related variation was observed in runoff waters, with the highest concentrations found in the spray treatment (9-188 ng/l), followed by the arable land (<5-88 ng/l) scenario, and concentrations not exceeding 6 ng/l in the pasture scenario. Ivermectin levels in runoff particles were up to 1,660 and 5,890 ng/kg dry weight for the pasture (I1) and arable land (I2) scenarios, respectively. Ivermectin was only detected in the drainage and runoff waters collected in the first rainfall events after treatment.
The measured concentrations in water (0.006-0.118 ng/ml) and runoff particles (0.052-5.89 ng/mg dry suspended matter) are orders of magnitude higher than those provoking effects on aquatic and benthonic communities under experimental and mesocosm conditions, suggesting a clear risk for aquatic systems in the vicinity of pasture areas of treated animals or arable soil fertilized with its manure.
驱虫药伊维菌素尤其受到监管机构的关注。伊维菌素可以通过放牧牲畜直接排放粪便以及在农业用地施肥的方式进入环境。
本研究采用半野外实验，评估了放置在实验托盘上的粪便处理土壤中伊维菌素在径流水和排水中的动态。实验在自然地中海条件下进行。使用经过处理的动物粪便评估了现实牧场和耕地的应用，并与阳性对照（不施粪便喷洒伊维菌素溶液）进行了比较。
在所有三种处理中，排水中均获得了相似的浓度，范围从<5-10 至约 20ng/l。然而，在径流水中观察到了强烈的与处理相关的变化，其中喷药处理的浓度最高（9-188ng/l），其次是耕地（<5-88ng/l），而牧场的浓度不超过 6ng/l。在牧场（I1）和耕地（I2）情景中，径流颗粒中的伊维菌素浓度最高分别达到 1660 和 5890ng/kg 干重。仅在处理后第一次降雨的排水和径流水中检测到伊维菌素。
在水中（0.006-0.118ng/ml）和径流颗粒（0.052-5.89ng/mg 干悬浮物质）中测量的浓度比在实验和中观条件下对水生和底栖群落产生影响的浓度高出几个数量级，这表明在受处理动物的牧场区或施有其粪便的耕地附近的水生系统存在明显风险。
