Taylor Peter J, Arntzen Lorraine, Hayter Mel, Iles Malcolm, Frean John, Belmain Steven
Durban Natural Science Museum, eThekwini Libraries and Heritage Department, Durban, South AfricaNational Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South AfricaCity Health: Communicable Diseases, eThekwini Municipality, Durban, South AfricaNatural Resources Institute, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK.
Integr Zool. 2008 Mar;3(1):38-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00072.x.
The Boston Model describes a successful rodent management plan that succeeded in a first-world city in the USA. In third-world cities, which often contain informal shack settlements, it is debatable whether the Boston Model would apply. In Durban, a major harbor city of three million people on the east coast of South Africa, we investigated the sanitary risks due to rodents in both formal (residential and commercial) and informal (shacks) sectors, and we evaluated the relative merits of different management interventions suggested by the Boston Model. Blood and tissue samples of six species (Rattus norvegicus, R. tanezumi, R. rattus, Mus musculus, Mastomys natalensis, Tatera brantsi) from 262 live-trapped rodents from 54 localities were tested for antibodies or DNA for plague (n= 193: antibody test), leptospirosis (n= 221 for antibody test; n= 69 for polymerase chain reaction test for DNA) and toxoplasmosis (n= 217: antibody test). We conducted a socioeconomic survey of 90 household to determine environmental and socioeconomic disease risk factors in the shack settlement of Cato Crest. No rodents were seropositive for plague, but nine Norway rats, R. norvegicus (4.1% of the sample tested) were seropositive for toxoplasmosis, and 22 R. norvegicus (10.0% of sample tested) were seropositive for leptospirosis. Disease endemic areas were concentrated in Cato Crest and the commercial district of Durban. Serology tests of humans living in Cato Crest (n= 219) showed 0% exposure to plague, 23% to leptospirosis and 35% to toxoplasmosis. Compared with shack-dwellers, the residents of brick houses had slightly lower levels of exposure to leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis. Based on our results, environmental hygiene and rodent-trapping campaigns were launched in Cato Crest. The initiative owes much of its current success to implementation of the principles inherent in the Boston Model, even though certain elements were lacking.
波士顿模式描述了一项在美国一个第一世界城市成功实施的啮齿动物管理计划。在第三世界城市，那里通常有非正式的棚户区，波士顿模式是否适用存在争议。在南非东海岸拥有300万人口的主要港口城市德班，我们调查了正规（住宅和商业）和非正规（棚户区）部门因啮齿动物带来的卫生风险，并评估了波士顿模式建议的不同管理干预措施的相对优点。对来自54个地点的262只活体捕获啮齿动物的6个物种（褐家鼠、黄胸鼠、黑家鼠、小家鼠、南非多乳鼠、南非条纹松鼠）的血液和组织样本进行了鼠疫（n = 193：抗体检测）、钩端螺旋体病（n = 221进行抗体检测；n = 69进行DNA聚合酶链反应检测）和弓形虫病（n = 217：抗体检测）抗体或DNA检测。我们对90户家庭进行了社会经济调查，以确定卡托克雷斯特棚户区的环境和社会经济疾病风险因素。没有啮齿动物鼠疫血清学呈阳性，但9只褐家鼠（占检测样本的4.1%）弓形虫病血清学呈阳性，22只褐家鼠（占检测样本的10.0%）钩端螺旋体病血清学呈阳性。疾病流行地区集中在卡托克雷斯特和德班的商业区。对居住在卡托克雷斯特的219人进行的血清学检测显示，鼠疫暴露率为0%，钩端螺旋体病为23%，弓形虫病为35%。与棚户居民相比，砖房居民钩端螺旋体病和弓形虫病的暴露水平略低。根据我们的结果，在卡托克雷斯特开展了环境卫生和捕鼠活动。尽管缺乏某些要素，但该倡议目前的成功很大程度上归功于波士顿模式所蕴含原则的实施。
