Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Via De Toni 5, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2011 Mar;24(1):59-64. doi: 10.1016/j.beha.2011.01.004. Epub 2011 Feb 25.
Bone marrow (BM) derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) differentiate into cells of the mesodermal lineage but also, under certain experimental circumstances, into cells of the neuronal and glial lineage. Their therapeutic translation has been significantly boosted by the demonstration that MSC display significant also anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic features. These properties have been exploited in the effective treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis where the inhibition of the autoimmune response resulted in a significant neuroprotection. A significant rescue of neural cells has been achieved also when MSC were administered in experimental brain ischemia and in animals undergoing brain or spinal cord injury. In these experimental conditions BM-MSC therapeutic effects are likely to depend on paracrine mechanisms mediated by the release of growth factors, anti-apoptotic molecules and anti-inflammatory cytokines creating a favorable environment for the regeneration of neurons, remyelination and improvement of cerebral flow. For potential clinical application BM-MSC offer significant practical advantages over other types of stem cells since they can be obtained from the adult BM and can be easily cultured and expanded in vitro under GMP conditions displaying a very low risk of malignant transformation. This review discusses the targets and mechanisms of BM-MSC mediated neuroprotection.
骨髓（BM）来源的间充质干细胞（MSC）可分化为中胚层谱系的细胞，但在某些实验条件下，也可分化为神经元和神经胶质谱系的细胞。MSC 表现出显著的抗增殖、抗炎和抗凋亡特性，这一发现极大地推动了它们的治疗转化。这些特性已在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（EAE）的有效治疗中得到了利用，EAE 是多发性硬化症的动物模型，其中自身免疫反应的抑制导致了显著的神经保护。当 MSC 用于实验性脑缺血和脑或脊髓损伤动物时，也实现了对神经细胞的显著挽救。在这些实验条件下，BM-MSC 的治疗效果可能取决于旁分泌机制，这些机制是通过释放生长因子、抗凋亡分子和抗炎细胞因子介导的，从而为神经元的再生、髓鞘形成和脑血流改善创造有利的环境。对于潜在的临床应用，BM-MSC 比其他类型的干细胞具有显著的实际优势，因为它们可以从成人 BM 中获得，并且可以在 GMP 条件下在体外容易地培养和扩增，具有非常低的恶性转化风险。本综述讨论了 BM-MSC 介导的神经保护的靶点和机制。
