Health Phys. 2011 Jan;100(1):77-85. doi: 10.1097/HP.0b013e3181f6551a.
In order for nuclear power to expand to many countries that do not currently have it, it will be essential for these countries to have laws, regulations, guidance and organizations that can license or permit nuclear power plants and support nuclear facilities, ensure compliance by inspection, and enforce nuclear regulations. The viability of nuclear power worldwide depends on an extremely high level of safety everywhere, and compliance with a number of international treaties is required before supplier nations will provide the material, both hardware and software, to build and operate nuclear power plants. While infrastructure support can be obtained from the IAEA and other countries, an essential core of expertise must exist in the country seeking to establish domestic nuclear power generation. While some reliance can be placed on the safety reviews of standard reactor designs by the nuclear regulators in supplier nations, the certification of fuel design, the quality of instruments, and the matching of a new reactor to a proposed site in the importing nation will require site-specific reviews. National arrangements are also needed for emergency preparedness, environmental protection, fuel transportation and the storage, transportation and disposal of radioactive waste. If foreign contractors and consultants are engaged to perform much of the technical work for the regulatory body(s) that has to be performed by the importing nation, that nation must have a core cadre of technically knowledgeable regulators and an organization to provide management and oversight of the contractors and consultants. Consistency in national nuclear regulations, the deployment of standardized nuclear power plant designs and standardized supporting material infrastructure can promote the safe and secure worldwide growth in nuclear power.
为了使核能能够扩展到许多目前没有核能的国家，这些国家必须制定法律、法规、指南和组织，以许可或批准核电站，并支持核设施，确保通过检查来遵守规定，并执行核法规。全球核能的可行性取决于各地极高的安全水平，并且在供应国提供建造和运营核电站所需的材料（硬件和软件）之前，需要遵守一些国际条约。虽然基础设施支持可以从国际原子能机构和其他国家获得，但寻求建立国内核电的国家必须拥有必不可少的专业知识核心。虽然可以依赖供应国的核监管机构对标准反应堆设计进行安全审查，但燃料设计的认证、仪器的质量以及新反应堆与拟议中的进口国厂址的匹配情况需要进行特定于厂址的审查。还需要为应急准备、环境保护、燃料运输以及放射性废物的储存、运输和处置做出国家安排。如果外国承包商和顾问被聘请来为进口国必须执行的监管机构执行大部分技术工作，那么该国必须拥有核心的、有技术知识的监管人员队伍，以及一个提供对承包商和顾问的管理和监督的组织。国家核法规的一致性、标准化核电站设计的部署以及标准化的配套基础设施材料可以促进全球核能的安全和可靠增长。
