Molecular docking study investigating the possible mode of binding of C.I. Acid Red 73 with DNA.

C.I. Acid Red 73 is a reactive azo dye with a variable potential carcinogenicity. The mechanism mediating interactions that occur between the dye and DNA have not been completely understood thus far. In this study, molecular docking techniques were applied to describe the most probable mode of DNA binding as well as the sequence selectivity of the C.I. Acid Red 73 dye. These docking experiments revealed that the dye is capable of interacting with the minor groove of the DNA on the basis of its curved shape, which fits well with the topology of double-stranded DNA. In addition, the dye can bind selectively to the minor groove of the DNA by applying CGT sequence selectivity. Further, the minor groove can be recognized although DNA targets present intercalation gaps. However, intercalative binding can also occur when the DNA target possesses an appropriate intercalation gap. Compared with the other eight DNA sequences that were studied, the DNA dodecamer d(CGCGATATCGCG)(2) (PDB ID: 1DNE) presents a very favorable target for the binding of C.I. Acid Red 73 to the minor groove, with the lowest binding free energy -9.19 kcal/mol. Results reported from this study are expected to provide useful information for research involving further simulations of molecular dynamics and toxicology investigations of the dye.