Ogawa Hideshi, Wada Kazuo
School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Tokodachi 101, Kaizu-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 470-0393, Japan.
Primates. 2011 Jul;52(3):229-35. doi: 10.1007/s10329-011-0248-4. Epub 2011 Mar 29.
We studied huddles of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in the Arashiyama E troop at the "Arashiyama Monkey Park, Iwatayama" of Kyoto, central Japan. The macaques made physical contact with other individuals and formed huddles when the air was cold. The 99-101 adult females and 26-36 adult males in the study troop formed 345 huddles during 42 scan samples in the winter of 2001 and 376 huddles during 52 scan samples in the winter of 2002. The average size of huddles was 2.3 (range 2-7) individuals. Males huddled less frequently than females. Maternal kin-related dyads formed 2-female huddles more frequently than unrelated dyads. Choice of huddling partners might restrict the size of huddles. The most frequently observed 3 and 4-member huddles were triangular and diamond-shaped. Macaques usually huddled ventro-ventrally, ventro-laterally, and ventro-dorsally. A third individual frequently placed the ventral part of its body against the first individual and simultaneously put the lateral part of its body against the second individual, so that the 3 individuals formed a triangular huddle. This behaviour indicates that Japanese macaques choose their position and body direction in the huddle to reduce the area of body surface exposed to the air, thereby conserving body heat.
我们对位于日本中部京都“岩崎山猴园”的岚山E群日本猕猴（Macaca fuscata）进行了研究。当天气寒冷时，猕猴会与其他个体进行身体接触并形成群体。在2001年冬季的42次扫描样本中，研究群体中的99 - 101只成年雌性猕猴和26 - 36只成年雄性猕猴形成了345个群体，在2002年冬季的52次扫描样本中形成了376个群体。群体的平均规模为2.3只（范围为2 - 7只）个体。雄性猕猴聚在一起的频率低于雌性。与母系亲属相关的二元组比无亲属关系的二元组更频繁地形成两只雌性的群体。选择群体伙伴可能会限制群体的规模。最常观察到的3只和4只成员的群体呈三角形和菱形。猕猴通常腹对腹、腹对侧和腹对背地聚在一起。第三个个体经常将其身体的腹侧部分靠在第一个个体上，同时将其身体的侧面部分靠在第二个个体上，这样三个个体就形成了一个三角形的群体。这种行为表明，日本猕猴在群体中选择自己的位置和身体方向，以减少暴露在空气中的身体表面积，从而保存体温。
