School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Zochonis Building, Second Floor, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, England.
Psychol Bull. 2011 May;137(3):391-420. doi: 10.1037/a0022935.
Defeat and entrapment are psychological constructs that have played a central role in evolutionary accounts of depression. These concepts have since been implicated in theoretical accounts of anxiety disorders and suicidality. The current article reports on a systematic review of the existing research investigating the links among defeat, entrapment, and psychopathology in the domains of depression, suicidality, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other anxiety syndromes. Fifty-one original research articles were identified and critically reviewed. There was strong convergent evidence for a link with depressive symptoms, across a variety of clinical and nonclinical samples. Preliminary support for an association with suicidality was also observed, with effects not readily explainable in terms of comorbid depression. There was strong evidence for an association between defeat and PTSD, although this may have been partly accounted for by comorbid depression. The findings for other anxiety disorders were less consistent. There was, however, evidence that social anxiety in individuals with psychosis may be related to perceptions of entrapment. Overall, there was evidence that perceptions of defeat and entrapment were closely associated with various forms of human psychopathology. These effects were often in the moderate to large range and superseded the impact of other environmental and psychological stressors on psychopathology. We provide a unified theoretical model of how defeat and entrapment may contribute to these different psychopathological conditions. Clinical implications and avenues for future research are discussed.
挫败感和困境感是进化心理学对抑郁进行解释的核心概念，之后被纳入焦虑障碍和自杀的理论模型中。本文对现有研究进行了系统性综述，旨在探讨挫败感、困境感与抑郁、自杀、创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）和其他焦虑障碍的关联。共纳入 51 项原始研究，并对其进行了批判性评估。大量临床和非临床样本的研究结果均表明，挫败感与抑郁症状密切相关。初步研究结果提示，挫败感与自杀之间也存在关联，而这种关联不能用共病抑郁来简单解释。在 PTSD 中，挫败感与 PTSD 之间的关联具有很强的证据支持，尽管这种关联可能部分是由共病抑郁引起的。其他焦虑障碍的研究结果则不太一致。但是，有证据表明，精神病患者的社交焦虑可能与困境感有关。总的来说，有证据表明挫败感和困境感与各种形式的人类精神病理学密切相关。这些效应通常处于中等至较大的范围，并超过了其他环境和心理应激源对精神病理学的影响。我们提供了一个统一的理论模型，阐述了挫败感和困境感如何导致这些不同的精神病理状况。本文还讨论了临床意义和未来研究的方向。
