Moon Catherine S, Berke Olaf, Avery Brent P, McEwen Scott A, Reid-Smith Richard J, Scott Lisa, Menzies Paula
Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Can J Vet Res. 2011 Jan;75(1):1-10.
Few antimicrobials are licensed for use in sheep in Canada, and the range of indications is narrow. Treatment in an "extra-label" manner may be ineffective. In addition, potentially harmful drug residues in food-animal products and antimicrobial resistance in bacteria may be associated with extra-label drug use (ELDU). No data had been documented on drug use, specifically antimicrobial use (AMU), in Ontario sheep, although it was thought that much use was extra-label. This study investigated AMU and ELDU on 49 lamb-producing Ontario sheep farms. Data were prospectively collected over 12 months from the participating farms, and farm-level practices were ascertained with a questionnaire. Treatment-level and farm-level variables were investigated for associations with rates of AMU by means of Poisson rate regression models fit with a generalized estimating equation to control for clustering at the farm level. Antimicrobials with high mean exposure rates included chlortetracycline (in feed), penicillins, and oxytetracycline. The exposure rate in lambs was significantly lower (P < 0.01) with antimicrobial treatment of systemic signs, respiratory disease, or wound or injury than with treatment of other reported diseases or conditions; it was also significantly lower with 3 or more lambing periods per year (α = 0.05). The exposure rate in adult sheep was significantly lower with treatment of 5 of the 6 most prevalent diseases or conditions (α = 0.05) and significantly higher with producer decision to treat and producer experience of 20 y or greater. Rates of using antimicrobials not licensed for use in sheep were high, as was extra-label use of licensed antimicrobials. Diseases reportedly treated most often with antimicrobials (e.g., systemic signs, mastitis) were significantly associated with lower rates of ELDU (α = 0.05). Compared with the rates in adult sheep, the mean rate of use of nonlicensed antimicrobials was similar in the lambs, whereas the mean rate of extra-label use of licensed antimicrobials was lower among the lambs. The results are useful in determining if public health concerns about antimicrobial use in Ontario sheep are warranted and in creating drug use and licensure strategies for the Canadian sheep industry.
在加拿大，很少有抗菌药物被批准用于绵羊，且适用的适应症范围狭窄。以“超说明书用药”方式进行治疗可能无效。此外，食用动物产品中潜在的有害药物残留以及细菌中的抗菌药物耐药性可能与超说明书用药（ELDU）有关。尽管人们认为安大略省绵羊的用药大多属于超说明书用药，但此前尚无该省绵羊用药情况，特别是抗菌药物使用（AMU）的数据记录。本研究调查了安大略省49个产羔绵羊养殖场的抗菌药物使用和超说明书用药情况。在12个月内前瞻性收集了参与养殖场的数据，并通过问卷调查确定了养殖场层面的做法。通过泊松率回归模型，结合广义估计方程来控制养殖场层面的聚类，研究了治疗层面和养殖场层面的变量与抗菌药物使用率之间的关联。平均暴露率较高的抗菌药物包括金霉素（饲料中添加）、青霉素和土霉素。与治疗其他报告的疾病或病症相比，对出现全身症状、呼吸系统疾病、伤口或损伤的羔羊进行抗菌药物治疗时，其暴露率显著较低（P < 0.01）；每年产羔3次或更多次时，暴露率也显著较低（α = 0.05）。在成年绵羊中，对6种最常见疾病或病症中的5种进行治疗时，暴露率显著较低（α = 0.05），而生产者决定进行治疗以及生产者有20年或更长经验时，暴露率显著较高。未获批准用于绵羊的抗菌药物使用率很高，已获批准的抗菌药物超说明书用药率也很高。据报道，使用抗菌药物治疗最频繁的疾病（如全身症状、乳腺炎）与较低的超说明书用药率显著相关（α = 0.05）。与成年绵羊的使用率相比，羔羊使用未获批准抗菌药物的平均率相似，而羔羊中已获批准抗菌药物的超说明书用药平均率较低。这些结果有助于确定安大略省绵羊抗菌药物使用引发的公共卫生问题是否合理，并有助于为加拿大绵羊产业制定药物使用和许可策略。
