Lewin Peter A
Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia PA 19104, United States.
Phys Procedia. 2010 Jan 1;3(1):17-23. doi: 10.1016/j.phpro.2010.01.004.
A succinct background explaining why, initially, both the scientific community and industry were skeptical about the existence of the nonlinear (NL) wave propagation in tissue will be given and the design of an adequately wideband piezoelectric polymer hydrophone probe that was eventually used to verify that the 1-5 MHz probing wave then used in diagnostic ultrasound imaging was undergoing nonlinear distortion and generated harmonics in tissue will be discussed. The far-reaching implications of the advent of the piezoelectric PVDF polymer material will be reviewed and the advances in ultrasound metrology prompted by the regulatory agencies such as US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) will be presented. These advances include the development of absolute calibration techniques for hydrophones along with the methods of accounting for spatial averaging corrections up to 100 MHz and the development of "point-receiver" hydrophone probes utilizing acousto-optic sensors. Next, selected therapeutic applications of nonlinear ultrasonics (NLU), including lithotripters will be briefly discussed. Also, the use of shock waves as pain relief tool and in abating penicillin resistant bacteria that develop rock hard "biofilm" that can be shattered by the finite amplitude wave will also be mentioned. The growing applications of NLU in cosmetic industry where it is used for redistribution and reduction of fatty tissue within the body will be briefly reviewed, and, finally, selected examples of NLU applications in retail and entertainment industry will also be pointed out.
将给出一个简洁的背景，解释为何最初科学界和业界都对组织中非线性（NL）波传播的存在持怀疑态度，并将讨论一种最终用于验证当时诊断超声成像中使用的1-5MHz探测波在组织中发生非线性畸变并产生谐波的足够宽带压电聚合物水听器探头的设计。将回顾压电聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）聚合物材料出现的深远影响，并介绍美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）和国际电工委员会（IEC）等监管机构推动的超声计量学进展。这些进展包括水听器绝对校准技术的发展以及高达100MHz的空间平均校正方法的发展，以及利用声光传感器的“点接收器”水听器探头的发展。接下来，将简要讨论非线性超声（NLU）的选定治疗应用，包括碎石机。还将提及冲击波作为缓解疼痛工具以及用于消除形成坚硬“生物膜”的耐青霉素细菌（这种生物膜可被有限振幅波击碎）的用途。将简要回顾NLU在美容行业中越来越多的应用，在该行业中它用于体内脂肪组织的重新分布和减少，最后，还将指出NLU在零售和娱乐行业中的选定应用示例。
