Erasmus Mundus Master in Sustainable Regional Health Systems, Department of Public Health & Community Medicine, University of Verona, Italy.
Forensic Sci Int. 2012 Feb 10;215(1-3):46-50. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.03.009. Epub 2011 Apr 9.
In 2008 a Workplace Drug Testing (WDT) law became effective in Italy for workers involved in public/private transportation, oil/gas companies, and explosives/fireworks industry with the aim to ensure public safety for the community.
To examine and elaborate WDT data collected on a large group of workers (over 43,500) during March 2009-February 2010 in order to highlight pros and cons and to draw suggestions for policies in the field.
Northern Italy.
After ≤ 24 h notification, workers provided a urine sample screened for opiates, methadone, buprenorphine, cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, and cannabinoids (THC) by immunoassay. Positives were confirmed by GC-MS.
The positive rate was 2.0%, THC being most frequent drug (1.3%; cocaine, 0.4%; opioids, 0.3%). 6.9% of the positive workers tested positive for ≥ 2 classes (most often THC+cocaine). Gender ratio and mean age were significantly lower in positives (F/M=0.007; 35.5 ± 8.3 years) than negatives (0.016 and 40.7 ± 9.5, respectively). No decline in rates of positives and an increase of diluted samples over time were observed. The highest rates of positives were detected when sampling was performed just before/after week-end and during morning hours. Possible correlation between job type and drugs used were observed (e.g. more cocaine positives among road vehicle-drivers than among lift truck-drivers). Declared use of medicine/illicit drugs during the preceding week showed that illicit drug use was likely not always detected in urine and that almost 4% workers declared use of medicine drugs possibly affecting performance.
This survey enabled to evidence relevant pitfalls of the law and to define strategies to improve the outcomes of WDT policies.
2008 年，意大利出台了《工作场所药物检测法》，规定公共/私人交通、石油/天然气公司以及爆炸物/烟花行业的员工需接受药物检测，以确保公众安全。
对 2009 年 3 月至 2010 年 2 月期间收集的大量（超过 43500 名）工人的药物检测数据进行分析，以阐明其优缺点，并为该领域的政策制定提供建议。
意大利北部。
接到通知后 24 小时内，工人提供尿液样本，通过免疫分析法筛查阿片类药物、美沙酮、丁丙诺啡、可卡因、苯丙胺、摇头丸和大麻素（四氢大麻酚）。阳性结果由 GC-MS 确认。
阳性率为 2.0%，大麻素是最常见的药物（1.3%；可卡因 0.4%；阿片类药物 0.3%）。6.9%的阳性工人检测出两种以上药物阳性（最常见的是 THC+可卡因）。阳性工人的性别比例和平均年龄显著低于阴性工人（F/M=0.007；35.5±8.3 岁比 40.7±9.5 岁）。未观察到阳性率下降和稀释样本随时间增加的情况。周末前后和上午时段采样时，阳性率最高。观察到职业类型和使用药物之间存在可能的相关性（例如，道路车辆驾驶员中可卡因阳性者多于升降卡车驾驶员）。在过去一周内报告使用药物/非法药物的情况表明，尿液中可能未检测到所有非法药物使用情况，近 4%的工人报告使用可能影响工作表现的药物。
本研究表明该法规存在明显的缺陷，并确定了改善工作场所药物检测政策效果的策略。
