TiO₂ photoanode structure with gradations in V concentration for dye-sensitized solar cells.

V-TiO₂(GC) photoanode film with graduated structure was prepared in a dye-sensitized solar cell work electrode by layer-by-layer method using TiO₂ precursor with gradations in V concentration on the indium tin oxide transparent conducting glass from substrate to surface. The effects of the gradient in V concentration on the structures and properties of TiO₂ photoanode film were discussed. The structure of the gradient V concentration has remarkable influence on the final performance of the DSSCs and I-V characteristic measurement indicates an enhanced efficiency by 31% as compared to pure TiO₂ nanoparticles film samples due to abundant solar light, fast injection and transmission velocity and the slowdown recombination of photoexcited electrons, simultaneously.