Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
Trends Cogn Sci. 2011 May;15(5):227-39. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.03.002. Epub 2011 Apr 15.
Humans and animals prefer immediate over delayed rewards (delay discounting). This preference for smaller-but-sooner over larger-but-later rewards shows substantial interindividual variability in healthy subjects. Moreover, a strong bias towards immediate reinforcement characterizes many psychiatric conditions such as addiction and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. We discuss the neural mechanisms underlying delay discounting and describe how interindividual variability (trait effects) in the neural instantiation of subprocesses of delay discounting (such as reward valuation, cognitive control and prospection) contributes to differences in behaviour. We next discuss different interventions that can partially remedy impulsive decision-making (state effects). Although the precise neural mechanisms underlying many of these modulating influences are only beginning to be unravelled, they point towards novel treatment approaches for disorders of impulse control.
人类和动物更倾向于即时奖励而非延迟奖励（延迟折扣）。这种对较小但更快的奖励而不是较大但较晚的奖励的偏好，在健康受试者中表现出显著的个体间差异。此外，许多精神疾病，如成瘾和注意缺陷多动障碍，都强烈倾向于即时强化。我们讨论了延迟折扣的神经机制，并描述了延迟折扣的子过程（如奖励估值、认知控制和前瞻性）的神经表现中的个体间变异性（特质效应）如何导致行为差异。接下来，我们将讨论一些可以部分纠正冲动决策的不同干预措施（状态效应）。尽管许多这些调节影响的精确神经机制才刚刚开始被揭示，但它们为冲动控制障碍的治疗方法提供了新的途径。
