Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Mycologia. 2011 Sep-Oct;103(5):1080-101. doi: 10.3852/10-350. Epub 2011 Apr 15.
Cortinarius sect. Armillati (subgenus Telamonia) was studied extensively based on morphology and molecular data. A total of about 1000 specimens, mostly from Fennoscandia, were revised. The nomenclature of the species was confirmed by sequencing the type material. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred by analyses of ITS, and the results were compared with the morphological and ecological data. Based on macro- and micromorphological characters, as well as molecular data, section Armillati contains only the medium to large species with slightly hygrophanous pileus and ± reddish or in some species yellowish brown to rose brown universal veils. The other red-brown-veiled species, previously included in Armillati, seem to belong to at least seven different sections or clades: sect. Anthracini, sect. Boulderenses, sect. Brunneotincti p.p., sect. Cinnabarini, sect. Fulvescentes, /Fuscoperonatus, and /Praestigiosus. Our study recognized six Armillati species from northern Europe: C. armillatus, C. luteo-ornatus, C. paragaudis, and three species described as new, C. pinigaudis, C. roseoarmillatus, and C. suboenochelis. The former three also occur in North America. Two additional species, C. subarmillatus (Japan) and C. quercoarmillatus (Costa Rica), are known outside the area. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the species associated with deciduous trees, C. armillatus, C. quercoarmillatus, and C. roseoarmillatus, all with dextrinoid, thick-walled spores, formed a separate group from the mainly conifer-associated species, C. luteo-ornatus, C. paragaudis, C. pinigaudis and C. suboenochelis, all with fairly thin to moderately thick-walled, indextrinoid to moderately dextrinoid spores. Descriptions of the northern European species are provided, the distribution is mapped and their taxonomy, ecology, distribution, and relationships are discussed. A total of 64 new sequences of 12 species are reported including 17 sequences from type material. Our study also suggests that ITS sequences are not always sufficiently variable for species-rank recognition (barcoding) in Cortinarius.
毛头乳菇组（毛头乳菇亚属）在形态学和分子数据的基础上进行了广泛的研究。共修订了约 1000 个标本，主要来自北欧。通过对模式标本进行测序，确认了物种的命名。通过 ITS 分析推断了系统发育关系，并将结果与形态学和生态学数据进行了比较。基于宏观和微观形态特征以及分子数据，毛头乳菇组仅包含中型至大型物种，菌盖稍具湿生特征，具有或多或少的红棕色至玫瑰棕色的普遍菌环。以前归入毛头乳菇组的其他红棕色菌环物种，似乎属于至少七个不同的组或进化枝：毛头乳菇亚属、巨石乳菇组、棕红乳菇组、朱砂红乳菇组、黄乳菇组、/Fuscoperonatus 和 /Praestigiosus。我们的研究从北欧地区鉴定出六种毛头乳菇：毛头乳菇、黄橙乳菇、短柄乳菇和三种新种，即乳白乳菇、玫瑰色毛头乳菇和乳黄乳菇。前三种也分布于北美洲。另外两种，日本乳菇和哥斯达黎加乳菇，分布在该地区之外。基于系统发育分析，与落叶树相关的物种，毛头乳菇、哥斯达黎加乳菇和玫瑰色毛头乳菇，都具有淀粉粒状、厚壁孢子，与主要与针叶树相关的物种形成了一个单独的组，黄橙乳菇、短柄乳菇、乳白乳菇和乳黄乳菇，都具有相当薄到中等厚度的壁，淀粉粒状到中度淀粉粒状的孢子。提供了北欧物种的描述，绘制了分布地图，并讨论了它们的分类学、生态学、分布和关系。报告了 12 个物种的 64 个新序列，包括 17 个来自模式标本的序列。我们的研究还表明，ITS 序列在毛头乳菇属中并不总是足以用于物种级别的识别（条形码）。
