Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.
J Environ Qual. 2011 May-Jun;40(3):751-66. doi: 10.2134/jeq2010.0169.
In the past decades, environmental scientists have become increasingly involved in developing novel approaches for applying emerging spectroscopic techniques to complex environmental matrices. The objective of this review is to convey the most common chemical species of phosphorus reported for soils, sediments, model systems, and waste materials based on analyses by four spectroscopic techniques: X-ray absorption near-edge structure, nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Unique information is provided by each technique at a level of specificity that depends in part on matrix complexity. The X-ray absorption near-edge structure and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques reveal inorganic and organic P species in intact environmental matrices or in chemical extracts, whereas the Fourier transform infrared and Raman techniques can provide more specific bonding information about mineral or adsorbed P species in model analogs of matrix components. The most common P species in soils and sediments as indicated by spectroscopy are hydroxyapatite and octacalcium phosphate minerals, phosphate adsorbed on Fe- and Al-oxides, pyrophosphates and polyphosphates, phosphate mono- and di-esters, and phosphonates. Continued advancements in spectroscopic methods should improve speciation-based models of P mobilization and transformations in the environment.
在过去的几十年中，环境科学家越来越多地参与开发新方法，将新兴的光谱技术应用于复杂的环境基质。本文的目的是根据四种光谱技术（X 射线吸收近边结构、核磁共振、傅里叶变换红外光谱和拉曼光谱）的分析，报告土壤、沉积物、模型系统和废物中常见的磷化学物质。每种技术都在一定程度上提供了独特的信息，其特异性取决于基质的复杂程度。X 射线吸收近边结构和核磁共振技术可以揭示完整环境基质或化学提取物中的无机和有机磷物质，而傅里叶变换红外和拉曼技术可以提供有关基质成分模型类似物中矿物或吸附磷物质的更具体的键合信息。光谱学表明，土壤和沉积物中最常见的磷物质是羟基磷灰石和八钙磷酸盐矿物、铁和铝氧化物上吸附的磷酸盐、焦磷酸盐和多磷酸盐、磷酸盐单酯和二酯以及膦酸盐。光谱方法的不断进步应能改善基于形态的磷在环境中迁移和转化的模型。
