Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
Am J Med Genet A. 2011 Jun;155A(6):1217-24. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33987. Epub 2011 May 5.
Noonan syndrome (NS) is a heterogeneous disorder caused by activating mutations in the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway. It is associated with variable clinical expression including short stature, congenital heart defect, unusual pectus deformity, and typical facial features and the inheritance is autosomal dominant. Here, we present a clinical and molecular characterization of a patient with Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair phenotype and additional features including mild psychomotor developmental delay, osteoporosis, gingival hyperplasia, spinal neuroblastoma, intrathoracic extramedullary hematopoiesis, and liver hemangioma. Mutation analysis of PTPN11, SOS1, RAF1, KRAS, BRAF, MEK1, MEK2, NRAS, and SHOC2 was conducted, revealing a co-occurrence of two heterozygous previously identified mutations in the index patient. The mutation SHOC2 c.4A > G; p.Ser2Gly represents a de novo mutation, whereas, PTPN11 c.1226G > C; p.Gly409Ala was inherited from the mother and also identified in the brother. The mother and the brother present with some NS manifestations, such as short stature, delayed puberty, keratosis pilaris, café-au-lait spots, refraction error (mother), and undescended testis (brother), but no NS facial features, supporting the notion that the PTPN11 p.Gly409Ala mutation leads to a relatively mild phenotype. We propose that, the atypical phenotype of the young woman with NS reported here is an additive effect, where the PTPN11 mutation acts as a modifier. Interestingly, co-occurrence of RAS-MAPK mutations has been previously identified in a few patients with variable NS or neurofibromatosis-NS phenotypes. Taken together, the results suggest that co-occurrence of mutations or modifying loci in the RAS-MAPK pathway may contribute to the clinical variability observed among NS patients.
努南综合征(Noonan syndrome,NS)是一种由 RAS-MAPK 信号通路激活突变引起的异质性疾病。它与可变的临床表型相关,包括身材矮小、先天性心脏病、异常的鸡胸畸形和典型的面部特征,遗传方式为常染色体显性遗传。在这里,我们介绍了一位具有诺南综合征样表型和其他特征的患者的临床和分子特征,包括轻度精神运动发育迟缓、骨质疏松症、牙龈增生、脊柱神经母细胞瘤、胸内髓外造血和肝血管瘤。对 PTPN11、SOS1、RAF1、KRAS、BRAF、MEK1、MEK2、NRAS 和 SHOC2 进行了突变分析,结果显示在该患者中同时存在两个先前鉴定的杂合突变。突变 SHOC2 c.4A > G;p.Ser2Gly 代表新生突变,而 PTPN11 c.1226G > C;p.Gly409Ala 则是从母亲那里遗传而来的,也在哥哥身上发现。母亲和哥哥都有一些 NS 表现,如身材矮小、青春期延迟、毛发角化病、牛奶咖啡斑、屈光不正(母亲)和未降睾丸(哥哥),但没有 NS 面部特征,支持 PTPN11 p.Gly409Ala 突变导致相对较轻表型的观点。我们提出,报告的这位 NS 年轻女性的非典型表型是一种附加效应,其中 PTPN11 突变作为修饰剂。有趣的是,在少数具有可变 NS 或神经纤维瘤病-NS 表型的患者中,已经发现了 RAS-MAPK 突变的共存。总之,这些结果表明,RAS-MAPK 通路中的突变或修饰基因座的共存可能导致 NS 患者中观察到的临床变异性。
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