Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Ecol Lett. 2011 Jul;14(7):670-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01629.x. Epub 2011 May 19.
Communities are riddled with indirect species interactions and these interactions can be modified by organisms that are parasitic or symbiotic with one of the indirectly interacting species. By inducing plant responses, herbivores are well known to alter the plant quality for subsequent feeders. The reduced performance of herbivores on induced plants cascades into effects on the performance of higher trophic level organisms such as parasitoids that develop inside herbivores. Parasitoids themselves may also, indirectly, interact with the host plant by affecting the behaviour and physiology of their herbivorous host. Here, we show that, through their herbivorous host, larvae of two parasitoid species differentially affect plant phenotypes leading to asymmetric interactions among parasitoid larvae developing in different hosts that feed on the same plant. Our results show that temporally separated parasitoid larvae are involved in indirect plant-mediated interactions by a network of trophic and non-trophic relationships.
社区中充斥着间接的物种相互作用，而这些相互作用可以被寄生或共生在间接相互作用的物种之一的生物所改变。通过诱导植物反应，草食动物众所周知会改变后续食者的植物质量。草食动物在诱导植物上的表现下降，会级联到对以草食动物为食的更高营养级生物如寄生蜂的表现的影响。寄生蜂本身也可能通过影响其草食性宿主的行为和生理，间接地与宿主植物相互作用。在这里，我们表明，通过它们的草食性宿主，两种寄生蜂幼虫以不同的方式影响植物表型，导致在同一植物上以不同宿主为食的寄生蜂幼虫之间产生不对称的相互作用。我们的结果表明，时间上分离的寄生蜂幼虫通过一个由营养和非营养关系组成的网络参与间接的植物介导的相互作用。
