Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Aug 15;192(1):319-28. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.05.021. Epub 2011 May 14.
Removal of numerous classes of pharmaceuticals from the municipal and industrial wastewater, using conventional wastewater treatment, is incomplete and several studies suggested that improvement of this situation would require the application of advanced treatment techniques. This is particularly important for the treatment of industrial effluents, released from pharmaceutical industries, which can contain rather high concentrations of antimicrobials. The aim of this work was to evaluate membrane bioreactors (MBRs), nanofiltration, reverse osmosis and ozonation, as well as their combinations, for the removal of antimicrobials from a synthetic wastewater which simulated highly contaminated industrial effluents. The study was performed using a mixture of four important classes of antimicrobials, including sulfonamides (SA), fluoroquinolones (FQ), macrolides (MAC) and trimethoprim (TMP). Performance of two different types of MBRs, Kubota and Zenon, was evaluated under different regimes regarding hydraulic retention time, total organic load and total nitrogen load. It was shown that elimination of SA in MBR treatment was very efficient, while the elimination of MAC, FQ, and TMP was incomplete. A mass balance of these contaminants in MBR suggested that microbial transformation represented the main mechanism, while only a small percentage was eliminated from the aqueous phase by adsorption onto sludge particles. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis achieved high elimination rates however produced highly contaminated concentrate. High removal was achieved using ozonation, but further research is needed to characterize formed ozonation products.
使用传统的废水处理方法，无法完全去除市政和工业废水中的多种药物，而且多项研究表明，要改善这种情况，需要应用先进的处理技术。这对于处理来自制药行业的工业废水尤为重要，因为这些废水中可能含有相当高浓度的抗生素。本工作旨在评估膜生物反应器（MBR）、纳滤、反渗透和臭氧氧化，以及它们的组合，用于从模拟高度污染的工业废水的合成废水中去除抗生素。研究使用了包括磺胺类（SA）、氟喹诺酮类（FQ）、大环内酯类（MAC）和甲氧苄啶（TMP）在内的四种重要抗生素混合物。在不同的水力停留时间、总有机负荷和总氮负荷条件下，评估了 Kubota 和 Zenon 两种不同类型的 MBR 的性能。结果表明，在 MBR 处理中，SA 的去除效率非常高，而 MAC、FQ 和 TMP 的去除效率则不完全。这些污染物在 MBR 中的质量平衡表明，微生物转化是主要机制，而只有一小部分通过吸附到污泥颗粒上从水相中去除。纳滤和反渗透虽然能达到较高的去除率，但会产生高污染的浓缩液。臭氧氧化可实现高去除率，但需要进一步研究以表征形成的臭氧氧化产物。
