Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA.
J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2011;39(2):197-205.
Myths, stereotypes, and unfounded beliefs about male sexuality, in particular male homosexuality, are widespread in legal and medical communities, as well as among agencies providing services to sexual assault victims. These include perceptions that men in noninstitutionalized settings are rarely sexually assaulted, that male victims are responsible for their assaults, that male sexual assault victims are less traumatized by the experience than their female counterparts, and that ejaculation is an indicator of a positive erotic experience. As a result of the prevalence of such beliefs, there is an underreporting of sexual assaults by male victims; a lack of appropriate services for male victims; and, effectively, no legal redress for male sexual assault victims. By comparison, male sexual assault victims have fewer resources and greater stigma than do female sexual assault victims. Many male victims, either because of physiological effects of anal rape or direct stimulation by their assailants, have an erection, ejaculate, or both during the assault. This is incorrectly understood by assailant, victim, the justice system, and the medical community as signifying consent by the victim. Studies of male sexual physiology suggest that involuntary erections or ejaculations can occur in the context of nonconsensual, receptive anal sex. Erections and ejaculations are only partially under voluntary control and are known to occur during times of extreme duress in the absence of sexual pleasure. Particularly within the criminal justice system, this misconception, in addition to other unfounded beliefs, has made the courts unwilling to provide legal remedy to male victims of sexual assault, especially when the victim experienced an erection or an ejaculation during the assault. Attorneys and forensic psychiatrists must be better informed about the physiology of these phenomena to formulate evidence-based opinions.
关于男性性取向的神话、刻板印象和毫无根据的信念，尤其是男性同性恋，在法律和医学界以及为性侵犯受害者提供服务的机构中广泛存在。这些观念包括：非制度化环境中的男性很少受到性侵犯；男性受害者应对其遭受的侵犯负责；男性性侵犯受害者受创伤程度不如女性受害者严重；射精是积极的性体验的指标。由于这些信念的普遍存在，男性受害者的性侵犯报案率较低；缺乏对男性受害者的适当服务；实际上，男性性侵犯受害者无法获得法律补救。相比之下，男性性侵犯受害者比女性性侵犯受害者资源更少，耻辱感更强。许多男性受害者，无论是由于肛门强奸的生理影响还是由于袭击者的直接刺激，在袭击过程中都会勃起、射精或两者兼而有之。袭击者、受害者、司法系统和医学界错误地将其理解为受害者同意。对男性性生理学的研究表明，在非自愿、接受性肛交的情况下，可能会出现非自愿勃起或射精。勃起和射精部分受自愿控制，并且已知在没有性快感的极端压力下发生。特别是在刑事司法系统中，这种误解以及其他毫无根据的信念，使得法院不愿意为性侵犯的男性受害者提供法律补救，尤其是当受害者在袭击过程中勃起或射精时。律师和法医精神病学家必须更好地了解这些现象的生理学，以便提出基于证据的意见。
