An expanded plastid DNA phylogeny of Orchidaceae and analysis of jackknife branch support strategy.

An expanded plastid DNA phylogeny for Orchidaceae was generated from sequences of rbcL and matK for representatives of all five subfamilies. The data were analyzed using equally weighted parsimony, and branch support was assessed with jackknifing. The analysis supports recognition of five subfamilies with the following relationships: (Apostasioideae (Vanilloideae (Cypripedioideae (Orchidoideae (Epidendroideae))))). Support for many tribal-level groups within Epidendroideae is evident, but relationships among these groups remain uncertain, probably due to a rapid radiation in the subfamily that resulted in short branches along the spine of the tree. A series of experiments examined jackknife parameters and strategies to determine a reasonable balance between computational effort and results. We found that support values plateau rapidly with increased search effort. Tree bisection-reconnection swapping in a single search replicate per jackknife replicate and saving only two trees resulted in values that were close to those obtained in the most extensive searches. Although this approach uses considerably more computational effort than less extensive (or no) swapping, the results were also distinctly better. The effect of saving a maximal number of trees in each jackknife replicate can also be pronounced and is important for representing support accurately.