Leiden University Medical Center, Dept of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Physiol Behav. 2012 Apr 12;106(1):51-7. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.05.030. Epub 2011 Jun 2.
Restriction of food intake by 10-50% of ad libitum on a per unit of weight or energy content basis can extend the lifespan of a wide variety of species and prevent or delay age-related disease. This review first briefly summarizes the data delineating mortality trajectories of various species' populations maintained on restricted diets to provide insight into the effects of nutrient deprivation on distinct components of the aging process. Next, I discuss a number of important studies that have addressed the question whether it is the lack of calories and/or specific nutrients that determines the longevity response to dietary restriction. Finally, I review the evidence for hormesis as a proximate mechanism underpinning the impact of dietary restriction on lifespan. In aggregate, the currently available demographic data suggest that dietary restriction can both slow the age-related progressive accumulation of cellular damage and also enhance the ability of organisms to cope with irreversible injury. Restriction of essential nutrients as well as calories may affect life expectancy, perhaps in a species specific fashion. Hormesis, i.e. an evolutionary conserved stress response routine providing protection against a wide variety of (other) hazards in response to low levels of stress, is very likely to contribute to the beneficial health effects of dietary restriction.
通过将食物摄入量限制在自由进食量的 10%至 50%，按单位体重或能量含量计算，可以延长多种物种的寿命，并预防或延缓与年龄相关的疾病。本文首先简要总结了限制饮食的各种物种群体的死亡率轨迹数据，以深入了解营养剥夺对衰老过程不同组成部分的影响。接下来，我讨论了一些重要的研究，这些研究探讨了缺乏卡路里和/或特定营养素是否决定了饮食限制对长寿反应的问题。最后，我回顾了激素作用作为饮食限制对寿命影响的基础的近似机制的证据。总的来说，目前可用的人口统计学数据表明，饮食限制既可以减缓与年龄相关的细胞损伤的累积，又可以增强生物体应对不可逆转损伤的能力。限制必需营养素和卡路里可能会影响预期寿命，也许是以特定于物种的方式。激素作用，即一种进化保守的应激反应常规，提供对各种（其他）危险的保护，以应对低水平的应激，很可能有助于饮食限制的有益健康效果。
