Makino Herbarium, Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-03, Japan;
Am J Bot. 1998 Nov;85(11):1507-16.
Phylogenetic relationships were determined in the Araucariaceae, which are now found mainly in the Southern Hemisphere. This conifer family was well diversified and widely distributed in both hemispheres during the Mesozoic era. The sequence of 1322 bases of the rbcL gene of cpDNA was determined from 29 species of Araucariaceae, representing almost all the species of the family. Phylogenetic trees determined by the parsimony method indicate that Araucariaceae are well defined by rbcL sequences and also that the monophyly of Agathis or Araucaria is well supported by high bootstrap values. The topology of these trees revealed that Wollemia had derived prior to Agathis and Araucaria. The rbcL phylogeny agrees well with the present recognition of four sections within Araucaria: Araucaria, Bunya, Eutacta, and Intermedia. Morphological characteristics of the number of cotyledons, position of male cone, and cuticular micromorphologies were evaluated as being phylogenetically informative. Section Bunya was found to be derived rather than to be the oldest taxon. Infrageneric relationships of Agathis could not be well elucidated because there are few informative site changes in the rbcL gene, suggesting the more recent differentiation of the species as their fossil records indicate. The New Caledonian Araucaria and Agathis species each formed a monophyletic group with very low differentiation in rbcL sequences among them, indicating rapid adaptive radiation to new edaphic conditions, i.e., ultramafic soils, in the post-Eocene era.
系统发育关系在南洋杉科中确定，南洋杉科现在主要分布在南半球。这个针叶树科在中生代时期是多样化的，并且在两个半球广泛分布。从 cpDNA 的 rbcL 基因的 1322 个碱基序列确定了 29 种南洋杉科的序列，代表了该科的几乎所有物种。通过简约法确定的系统发育树表明，rbcL 序列很好地定义了南洋杉科，并且高自举值很好地支持了罗汉松或南洋杉的单系性。这些树的拓扑结构表明，沃勒迈在罗汉松和南洋杉之前已经进化。rbcL 系统发育与目前对南洋杉科内四个节的认识非常吻合：南洋杉、松杉、优达和中间。胚叶数、雄球果位置和角质层微观形态等形态特征被评估为具有系统发育信息。发现松杉节是衍生的，而不是最古老的分类群。罗汉松属的种下关系不能很好地阐明，因为 rbcL 基因中很少有信息位点变化，这表明它们的物种分化较晚，这与它们的化石记录表明的情况一致。新喀里多尼亚南洋杉和罗汉松属的物种各自形成了一个单系群，它们在 rbcL 序列中的分化非常低，这表明它们在渐新世后适应了新的土壤条件，即超镁铁质土壤，从而快速辐射适应。
