Lengua Liliana J, Honorado Elizabeth, Bush Nicole R
University of Washington, United States.
J Appl Dev Psychol. 2007 Jan;28(1):40-55. doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2006.10.001.
Using a short-term longitudinal design (6 months), this study examined cumulative contextual risk as a predictor of effortful control (EC) and social competence in a community sample of children (N = 80, ages 33-40 months at time 1). Maternal parenting was examined as a mediator of contextual risk. EC was assessed using laboratory tasks, and parenting was assessed using observational ratings. Time 1 contextual risk was negatively related to time 2 EC after controlling for time 1 EC. Mothers' limit setting and scaffolding predicted higher time 2 EC and accounted for the effect of contextual risk. Time 1 EC, contextual risk, and parenting predicted time 2 social competence, and contextual risk had an indirect effect on social competence through parenting. Results suggest that contextual risk predicts smaller relative increases in EC and that parenting accounts for this effect. Knowledge of the factors that divert or promote effortful control can provide targets for intervention to enhance effortful control abilities and better adjustment.
本研究采用短期纵向设计（6个月），在一个社区儿童样本（N = 80，首次测量时年龄为33 - 40个月）中，考察累积环境风险作为努力控制（EC）和社会能力预测指标的情况。研究将母亲教养方式作为环境风险的中介变量进行考察。通过实验室任务评估努力控制，通过观察评分评估教养方式。在控制首次测量时的努力控制后，首次测量时的环境风险与第二次测量时的努力控制呈负相关。母亲的设定界限和支架式教学行为预测了更高的第二次测量时的努力控制，并解释了环境风险的影响。首次测量时的努力控制、环境风险和教养方式预测了第二次测量时的社会能力，且环境风险通过教养方式对社会能力产生间接影响。结果表明，环境风险预测了努力控制相对较小的增长幅度，且教养方式解释了这一效应。了解转移或促进努力控制的因素可为干预提供目标，以提高努力控制能力和更好地适应环境。
