Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie - Botanik, Altensteinstraße 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2011 Oct;61(1):90-102. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.001. Epub 2011 Jun 12.
The uplift of the Andes was a major factor for plant diversification in South America and had significant effects on the climatic patterns at the continental scale. It was crucial for the formation of the arid environments in south-eastern and western South America. However, both the timing of the major stages of the Andean uplift and the onset of aridity in western South America remain controversial. In this paper we examine the hypothesis that the Andean South American groups of Heliotropium originated and diversified in response to Andean orogeny during the late Miocene and a the subsequent development of aridity. To this end, we estimate divergence times and likely biogeographical origins of the major clades in the phylogeny of Heliotropium, using both Bayesian and likelihood methods. Divergence times of all Andean clades in Heliotropium are estimated to be of late Miocene or Pliocene ages. At least three independent Andean diversification events can be recognized within Heliotropium. Timing of the diversification in the Andean lineages Heliotropium sects.Heliothamnus, Cochranea, Heliotrophytum, Hypsogenia, Plagiomeris, Platygyne clearly correspond to a rapid, late Miocene uplift of the Andes and a Pliocene development of arid environments in South America.
安第斯山脉的隆升是南美洲植物多样化的一个主要因素，对大陆尺度的气候模式有重大影响。它对南美洲东南部和西部干旱环境的形成至关重要。然而，安第斯山脉隆升的主要阶段的时间以及南美洲西部干旱的开始时间仍然存在争议。在本文中，我们检验了这样一个假设，即喜旋花属的安第斯南美洲群体是由于上新世晚期的安第斯造山运动和随后的干旱发展而起源和多样化的。为此，我们使用贝叶斯和似然方法来估计喜旋花属系统发育中主要分支的分歧时间和可能的生物地理起源。喜旋花属中所有安第斯分支的分歧时间估计为上新世或上新世时期。在喜旋花属中可以识别出至少三个独立的安第斯多样化事件。在安第斯谱系喜旋花属的分化时间，Cochranea、Heliotrophytum、Hypsogenia、Plagiomeris、Platygyne 明显对应于上新世晚期安第斯山脉的快速隆升和上新世南美洲干旱环境的发展。
