School of Human Kinetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Res Q Exerc Sport. 2011 Jun;82(2):178-87. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2011.10599745.
The amount and quality of practice predicts expertise, yet optimal conditions of practice have primarily been explored with novice learners. Ten expert musicians and ten novices practiced disc-throwing skills under self-regulated conditions. A third novice group practiced with the same schedule as the music experts (yoked). The groups did not differ in terms of the amount of contextual interference, only in terms of when in-practice interference was introduced. The music experts progressed from a more blocked to random schedule which was opposite to the novices. This resulted in more accurate performance in retention for the experts in comparison to both novice groups (self-scheduled and yoked). The music expert and yoked groups showed higher form scores than the novice self-scheduled group, which might be related to the greater frequency of augmented information for these groups. There was no evidence that non-task-domain experts choose a more random practice schedule than novices, but in accord with good practice principles, they gradually introduced high amounts of interference into their practice. This strategy was associated with less error in retention for the experts. Because the yoked group showed more error than the music experts, the advantage of this schedule was also performance dependent.
练习的数量和质量可以预测专业水平，但最佳的练习条件主要是在新手学习者中进行探索。十名专业音乐家和十名新手在自我调节的条件下练习投掷圆盘的技能。第三组新手按照与音乐专家相同的时间表进行练习（配对）。这三组在语境干扰的数量上没有差异，只是在何时引入练习干扰方面有所不同。音乐专家从更具阻塞性的日程安排转变为随机日程安排，这与新手相反。这导致专家在保留测试中的表现比两个新手组（自我安排和配对）都更准确。音乐专家和配对组的形态评分高于新手自我安排组，这可能与这些组获得的增强信息的频率更高有关。没有证据表明非任务领域的专家比新手选择更随机的练习计划，但他们遵循良好的实践原则，逐渐在练习中引入大量干扰。这种策略与专家在保留测试中的错误减少有关。由于配对组比音乐专家表现出更多的错误，因此这种日程安排的优势也取决于表现。
