Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali G. Sarfatti, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
Environ Int. 2011 Nov;37(8):1329-35. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.05.017. Epub 2011 Jun 25.
The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p' and p,p' isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118+149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p'-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua)>sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel)>Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03±0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81±1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34±2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41±19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p'-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.
对以下海鸟的未孵化卵进行了分析，以量化多氯联苯、六氯苯（HCB）、α-、β-、γ-、δ-六氯环己烷（HCHs）、o,p'和 p,p'滴滴涕异构体、DDD 和 DDE：驻留的阿德利企鹅（Pygoscelis adèliae，ADPE）和帝企鹅（Aptenodytes forsteri，EMPE）、迁徙的雪海燕（Pagodroma nivea，SNPT）和南极贼鸥（Catharacta maccormicki，SPSK）来自罗斯海（东南极洲）；以及迁徙的棕贼鸥（Catharacta antarctica，BRSK）和驻留的 ADPE 来自布拉森海峡（西南极洲）。总体目标是评估两个研究区域中迁徙和驻留物种的污染物积累情况，并比较在东南极洲和西南极洲筑巢的企鹅和贼鸥的水平。还评估了多氯联苯同系物和 HCH 和滴滴涕异构体的分布。使用七种多氯联苯同系物（IUPAC 编号 28、52、101、118+149、138、153 和 180）、p,p'-DDE、ΣDDTs 和 ΣHCHs 来评估比较。从两个采样点来看，迁徙海鸟（南极贼鸥和棕贼鸥）>亚南极种（雪海燕）>南极种（企鹅）的污染物浓度更高，这表明那些向北迁徙的鸟类在较低纬度地区发生了污染事件。在所有物种中，HCHs 的浓度最低（从西南极洲 SPSK 的 0.03±0.03ng/g 湿重到 ADPE 的 1.81±1.23ng/g 湿重），而多氯联苯是最丰富的污染物（从 EMPE 的 4.34±2.15ng/g 湿重到棕贼鸥的 53.41±19.61ng/g 湿重）。在农药中，在来自西南极洲的阿德利企鹅和两种贼鸥中检测到 p,p'-滴滴涕是值得注意的；这种农药的检测可以证实它在某些疟疾流行国家的实际使用情况，这些国家通过长距离运输将其转移到极地地区。在 1994/95 年至 2004/05 年期间，东南极洲采集的生物体内的污染物没有表现出任何明显的时间趋势，它们也没有沿着罗斯海海岸显示出任何纬度梯度。
